2015 Status of the Nation's Highways, Bridges, and Transit Conditions & Performance Report to Congress
Editat de Federal Highway Administration (U.S.), Federal Transit Administration (U.S.)en Limba Engleză Paperback – 2 apr 2017 – vârsta de la 18 ani
This 2015 Status of the Nation’s Highways, Bridges, and Transit: Conditions and Performance report to Congress (C&P report) draws primarily on 2012 data. The prospective analyses presented in this authoritative report generally cover the 20-year period ending in 2032. This report was developed to provide decision makers with an objective appraisal of the physical conditions, operational performance, and financing mechanisms of highways, bridges, and transit systems based on both their current state and their projected future state under a set of alternative future investment scenarios. This report offers a comprehensive, data-driven background context to support the development and evaluation of legislative, program, and budget options at all levels of government.
Policy analysts, fiscal managers, financial forecasters, economists, municipal, state, and federal transportation department strategic planning and construction/civil engineering contractors as well as national and international news media, transportation associations, and industry personnel, such as transportation planners, specialists, and field inspectors may be interested in this volume to examine America’s roads, bridges and transit systems into the future and the role it may play on the economy. Additionally, students pursuing coursework for degrees in Transportation Infrastructure and Engineering, and integrated infrastructure design courses may also find this volume useful for research.
Related products:
Sign up to a print subscription for Public Roads bimonthly print magazine here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/sku/750-005-00000-4?ctid=
Smartphone Applications to Influence Travel Choices: Practices and Policies is available here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/sku/050-001-00349-0
Bridges & Tunnels resources collection can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/catalog/science-technology/engineering/bridges-tunnels
Other products produced by the U.S. Department of Transportation can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/agency/department-transportation-dot
Policy analysts, fiscal managers, financial forecasters, economists, municipal, state, and federal transportation department strategic planning and construction/civil engineering contractors as well as national and international news media, transportation associations, and industry personnel, such as transportation planners, specialists, and field inspectors may be interested in this volume to examine America’s roads, bridges and transit systems into the future and the role it may play on the economy. Additionally, students pursuing coursework for degrees in Transportation Infrastructure and Engineering, and integrated infrastructure design courses may also find this volume useful for research.
Related products:
Sign up to a print subscription for Public Roads bimonthly print magazine here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/sku/750-005-00000-4?ctid=
Smartphone Applications to Influence Travel Choices: Practices and Policies is available here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/sku/050-001-00349-0
Bridges & Tunnels resources collection can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/catalog/science-technology/engineering/bridges-tunnels
Other products produced by the U.S. Department of Transportation can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/agency/department-transportation-dot
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Livrare economică 03-17 februarie 25
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Specificații
ISBN-13: 9780160937064
ISBN-10: 016093706X
Pagini: 490
Ilustrații: Illustrated, some color
Dimensiuni: 216 x 279 mm
Greutate: 1.67 kg
Editura: United States Dept. of Transportation
Colecția Federal Highway Administration
ISBN-10: 016093706X
Pagini: 490
Ilustrații: Illustrated, some color
Dimensiuni: 216 x 279 mm
Greutate: 1.67 kg
Editura: United States Dept. of Transportation
Colecția Federal Highway Administration
Cuprins
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Exhibits
Abbreviations
Introduction
Highlights
Executive Summary
Part I: Description of Current System
Chapter 1: Personal Travel
Chapter 1: Freight Movement
Chapter 2: System Characteristics: Highways
Chapter 2: System Characteristics: Transit
Chapter 3: System Conditions: Highways
Chapter 3: System Conditions: Transit
Chapter 4: Safety: Highways
Chapter 4: Safety: Transit
Chapter 5: System Performance: Highways
Chapter 5: System Performance: Transit
Chapter 6: Finance: Highways
Chapter 6: Finance: Transit
Part II: Investment/Performance Analysis
Chapter 7: Potential Capital Investment Impacts: Highways
Chapter 7: Potential Capital Investment Impacts: Transit
Chapter 8: Selected Capital Investment Scenarios: Highways
Chapter 8: Selected Capital Investment Scenarios: Transit
Chapter 9: Supplemental Scenario Analysis: Highways
Chapter 9: Supplemental Scenario Analysis: Transit
Chapter 10: Sensitivity Analysis: Highways
Chapter 10: Sensitivity Analysis: Transit
Chapter 11: Pedestrian and Bicycle Transportation
Chapter 12: Transportation Serving Federal and Tribal Lands
Part I: Description of Current System
Introduction
Part I Chapters
Transportation Performance Management
What is Transportation Performance Management?
National Goals – Federal-Aid Program [23 United States Code §150(b)]
Summary of MAP-21 Performance Requirements
Implementation of MAP-21 Performance Requirements
Chapter 1: Personal Travel and Freight Movement
Personal Travel
Travel Trends
Person Miles Traveled and Mode Share
Trip Purpose
Overall Population Trends
Aging Population
Diversity
Trends in Household Size
Income and Labor
Income
Poverty
Unemployment and Labor Force Participation
Geography
Regional Migration
Increased Urbanicity
Growth in Megaregions
Technological Trends and Travel Impacts
Using GPS and Smartphones to Collect Personal Travel Data
Electronic Payment Systems
Sharing Economy
Telecommuting
Looking Forward
Freight Movement
Freight Transportation System
Freight Transportation Demand
Freight Challenges
Chapter 2: System Characteristics
Highway and Bridge System Characteristics
System History
Roads and Bridges by Ownership
Roads and Bridges by Federal System
Federal-Aid Highways
National Highway System
Interstate System
Freight System
Roads and Bridges by Purpose
System Characteristics
Highway Travel by Functional Classification
Bridges by Functional Classification
NHS by Functional Classification
Transit System Characteristics
System History
System Infrastructure .
Urban Transit Agencies
Transit Fleet
Track, Stations, and Maintenance Facilities
Rural Transit Systems (Section 5311 Providers)
Transit System Characteristics for Americans with Disabilities and the Elderly
Transit System Characteristics: Alternative Fuel Vehicles
Chapter 3: System Conditions
Highway System Conditions
Data Sources
Summary of Current Highway and Bridge Conditions
Condition of Pavements on Federal-aid Highways
Condition of Bridges – Systemwide
Trends in Pavement Ride Quality
Pavement Ride Quality on the National Highway System
Pavement Ride Quality by Functional Classification
Trends in Bridge Structural Deficiencies
Structurally Deficient Bridges by Owner
Structurally Deficient Bridges on the National Highway System
Structurally Deficient Bridges on the STRAHNET
Structurally Deficient Bridges by Functional Classification
Structurally Deficient Bridges by Age
Geometric Design Standards
Roadway Alignment
Lane Width
Functionally Obsolete Bridges
Factors Affecting Pavement and Bridge Performance
Implications of Pavement and Bridge Conditions for Highway Users
Strategies to Achieve State of Good Repair
Transit System Conditions
The Replacement Value of U.S. Transit Assets
Bus Vehicles (Urban Areas)
Other Bus Assets (Urban Areas)
Rail Vehicles
Other Rail Assets
Rural Transit Vehicles and Facilities
Chapter 4: Safety
Highway Safety
Overall Fatalities and Injuries
Fatalities by Roadway Functional Class
Vision: Toward Zero Deaths and Serious Injuries on the Nation’s Roadways
Improved Data
Improved Safety Analysis Tools
Legislative Mandates
Focused Approach to Safety Program
Roadway Departures
Intersections
Pedestrians, Bicyclists, and Other Nonmotorists
Transit Safety
Incidents, Fatalities, and Injuries
Chapter 5: System Performance
Highway System Performance
Economic Competitiveness
Congestion Definition
Congestion Measures
Congestion Trends
Freight Performance
Quality of Life
Measuring Quality of Life
Environmental Sustainability Climate Change Resilience, Adaptation, and Mitigation
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Climate Mitigation Tools and Resources
Building Partnerships to Improve Resilience
Climate Resilience and Adaptation Tools and Resources
Transit System Performance
Average Operating (Passenger-Carrying) Speeds
Vehicle Use
Vehicle Occupancy
Frequency and Reliability of Service
System Coverage: Urban Directional Route Miles
System Capacity
Ridership
Chapter 6: Finance
Highway Finance
Revenue Sources for Highways
Revenue Trends
Highway Expenditures
Historical Expenditure and Funding Trends
Highway Capital Outlay
Capital Outlays on Federal-Aid Highways
Capital Outlays on the National Highway System
Capital Outlays on the Interstate System
Project Finance
Public-Private Partnerships
Federal Credit Assistance
Debt Financing Tools
Transit Finance
Level and Composition of Transit Funding
Federal Funding
State and Local Funding
System-Generated Funds
Trends in Funding
Funding in Current and Constant Dollars
Capital Funding and Expenditures
Operating Expenditures
Operating Expenditures by Transit Mode
Operating Expenditures by Type of Cost
Operating Expenditures per Vehicle Revenue Mile
Operating Expenditures per Passenger Mile
Farebox Recovery Ratios
Rural Transit
Part II: Investment/Performance Analysis
Introduction
Capital Investment Scenarios
Highway and Bridge Investment Scenarios
Transit Investment Scenarios
Comparisons between Report Editions
The Economic Approach to Transportation Investment Analysis
The Economic Approach in Theory and Practice
Measurement of Costs and Benefits in “Constant Dollars”
Uncertainty in Transportation Investment Modeling
Chapter 7: Potential Capital Investment Impacts
Potential Highway Capital Investment Impacts
Types of Capital Spending Projected by HERS and NBIAS
Treatment of Traffic Growth
Alternative Levels of Future Capital Investment Analyzed
Highway Economic Requirements System
Operations Strategies
Travel Demand Elasticity
Impacts of Federal-Aid Highway Investments Modeled by HERS
Selection of Investment Levels for Analysis
Investment Levels and BCRs by Funding Period
Impact of Future Investment on Highway Pavement Ride Quality
Impact of Future Investment on Highway Operational Performance
Impact of Future Investment on Highway User Costs
Impact of Future Investment on Future VMT
Impacts of NHS Investments Modeled by HERS
Impact of Future Investment on NHS User Costs and VMT
Impact of Future Investment on NHS Travel Times and Travel Time Costs
Impact of Future Investment on NHS Pavement Ride Quality
Impacts of Interstate System Investments Modeled by HERS
Impact of Future Investment on Interstate User Costs and VMT
Impact of Future Investment on Interstate System Travel Times and Travel Costs
Impact of Future Investment on Interstate Pavement Ride Quality
National Bridge Investment Analysis System
Performance Measures
Impacts of Systemwide Investments Modeled by NBIAS
Impacts of Federal-Aid Highway Investments Modeled by NBIAS
Impacts of NHS Investments Modeled by NBIAS
Impacts of Interstate Investments Modeled by NBIAS
Potential Transit Capital Investment Impacts
Types of Capital Spending Projected by TERM
Preservation Investments
Expansion Investments
Recent Investment in Transit Preservation and Expansion
Impacts of Systemwide Investments Modeled by TERM
Impact of Preservation Investments on Transit Backlog and Conditions
Expansion Investments and Transit Ridership
Impacts of Urbanized Area Investments Modeled by TERM
Urbanized Areas Over 1 Million in Population
Other Urbanized and Rural Areas
Chapter 8: Selected Capital Investment Scenarios
Selected Highway Capital Investment Scenarios
Scenarios Selected for Analysis
Scenario Derivation and Associated Spending Levels
Highway and Bridge Investment Backlog
Scenario Spending Patterns and Conditions and Performance Projections
Systemwide Scenarios
Federal-Aid Highway Scenarios
Scenarios for the National Highway System and the Interstate System
Selected Transit Capital Investment Scenarios
Sustain 2012 Spending Scenario
Preservation Investments
Expansion Investments
State of Good Repair Benchmark
SGR Investment Needs
Impact on the Investment Backlog
Impact on Conditions
Low-Growth and High-Growth Scenarios
Low- and High-Growth Assumptions
Low- and High-Growth Scenario Needs
Impact on Conditions and Performance
Scenario Impacts Comparison
Scorecard Comparisons
Chapter 9: Supplemental Scenario Analysis
Highway Supplemental Scenario Analysis
Comparison of Scenarios with Previous Reports
Comparison With 2013 C&P Report
Comparisons of Implied Funding Gaps
Highway Travel Demand Forecasts
New National VMT Forecasting Model
Comparison of FHWA-Modeled Forecasts and HPMS Forecasts
VMT Forecasts from Previous C&P Reports
Timing of Investment
Alternative Timing of Investment in HERS
Alternative Timing of Investment in NBIAS
Accounting for Inflation
Transit Supplemental Scenario Analysis
Asset Condition Forecasts and Expected Useful Service Life Consumed for All Transit Assets under Three Scenarios and the SGR Benchmark
Alternative Methodology
Revised Method for Estimating PMT Growth Rates
Impact of New Technologies on Transit Investment Needs
Impact of Compressed Natural Gas and Hybrid Buses on Future Needs
Impact on Costs
Impact on Needs
Impact on Backlog
Forecasted Expansion Investment
Chapter 10: Sensitivity Analysis
Highway Sensitivity Analysis
Alternative Economic Analysis Assumptions
Value of Travel Time Savings
Growth in the Value of Time
Value of Traveler Safety
Discount Rate
Costs of Capital Improvements
Motor Fuel Prices
Traffic Growth Projections
Alternative Strategies
Accelerating Operations/ITS Deployments
Transit Sensitivity Analysis
Changes in Asset Replacement Timing (Condition Threshold)
Changes in Capital Costs
Changes in the Value of Time
Changes to the Discount Rate
Chapter 11: Pedestrian and Bicycle Transportation
Pedestrian and Bicycle Transportation
Background and Context for Pedestrian and Bicycle Network Development, Safety, and Usage Trends
Trends in Pedestrian and Bicycle System Usage
Activity Level Trends
Safety Trends
National Policies, Programs, and Initiatives
Federal Funding for Pedestrian and Bicycle Transportation
Federal Strategic Plans, Policies, and Guidance: 1994–2016
Current Federal Initiatives
Moving Forward
Chapter 12: Transportation Serving Federal and Tribal Lands
Transportation Serving Federal and Tribal Lands
Types of Federal and Tribal Lands
Accessing Tribal Communities
Resources Served within Federal Lands
Role of Transportation in Use of Federal and Tribal Lands
Condition and Performance of Roads Serving Federal and Tribal Lands
Forest Service
National Park Service
Fish and Wildlife Service
Bureau of Land Management
Bureau of Reclamation
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Department of Defense
United States Army Corps of Engineers
Transportation Funding for Federal and Tribal Lands
Increasing Walking, Biking, and Transit Use on Federal and Tribal Lands
The Future of Transportation on Federal and Tribal Lands
Part IV: Recommendations for HPMS Changes
Recommendations for HPMS Changes
Background
Additional Changes to HPMS
Part V: Appendices
Introduction
Appendix A: Highway Investment Analysis Methodology
Highway Investment Analysis Methodology
Highway Economic Requirements System
HERS Improvement Costs
Allocating HERS Results Among Improvement Types
Pavement Condition Modeling
Valuation of Travel Time Savings
Values of Vehicle Occupants’ Travel Time
Vehicle Occupancy
Distribution of Vehicle Use by Purpose
Vehicle Capital Costs
Value of Cargo Carried by Freight Vehicles
Estimated 2012 Values of Travel Time by Vehicle Type
Costs of Air Pollutant Emissions
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Emissions of Criteria Air Pollutants
Effects on HERS Results
Highway Operational Strategies
Current Operations Deployments
Future Operations Deployments
Operations Investment Costs
Impacts of Operations Deployments
Future HERS Enhancements Currently Underway
Appendix B: Bridge Investment Analysis Methodology
Bridge Investment Analysis Methodology
General Methodology
Determining Functional Improvement Needs
Determining Repair and Rehabilitation Needs
Predicting Bridge Element Composition
Calculating Deterioration Rates
Forming of the Optimal Preservation Policy
Applying the Preservation Policy
Future NBIAS Enhancements Currently Underway
Appendix C: Transit Investment Analysis Methodology
Transit Investment Analysis Methodology
Transit Economic Requirements Model
TERM Database
Investment Categories
Asset-Decay Curves
Benefit-Cost Calculations
Appendix D: Reimagining the C&P Report
Reimagining the C&P Report
Methodology Improvement
Evaluation of Alternative Methodologies
Identification of Alternatives for Refining Benefit-Cost Analysis
Integration of Performance Management and Needs Estimation
Enhanced Communication
Data Visualization
Web-Based User Interface
Moving Forward
List of Exhibits
Abbreviations
Introduction
Highlights
Executive Summary
Part I: Description of Current System
Chapter 1: Personal Travel
Chapter 1: Freight Movement
Chapter 2: System Characteristics: Highways
Chapter 2: System Characteristics: Transit
Chapter 3: System Conditions: Highways
Chapter 3: System Conditions: Transit
Chapter 4: Safety: Highways
Chapter 4: Safety: Transit
Chapter 5: System Performance: Highways
Chapter 5: System Performance: Transit
Chapter 6: Finance: Highways
Chapter 6: Finance: Transit
Part II: Investment/Performance Analysis
Chapter 7: Potential Capital Investment Impacts: Highways
Chapter 7: Potential Capital Investment Impacts: Transit
Chapter 8: Selected Capital Investment Scenarios: Highways
Chapter 8: Selected Capital Investment Scenarios: Transit
Chapter 9: Supplemental Scenario Analysis: Highways
Chapter 9: Supplemental Scenario Analysis: Transit
Chapter 10: Sensitivity Analysis: Highways
Chapter 10: Sensitivity Analysis: Transit
Chapter 11: Pedestrian and Bicycle Transportation
Chapter 12: Transportation Serving Federal and Tribal Lands
Part I: Description of Current System
Introduction
Part I Chapters
Transportation Performance Management
What is Transportation Performance Management?
National Goals – Federal-Aid Program [23 United States Code §150(b)]
Summary of MAP-21 Performance Requirements
Implementation of MAP-21 Performance Requirements
Chapter 1: Personal Travel and Freight Movement
Personal Travel
Travel Trends
Person Miles Traveled and Mode Share
Trip Purpose
Overall Population Trends
Aging Population
Diversity
Trends in Household Size
Income and Labor
Income
Poverty
Unemployment and Labor Force Participation
Geography
Regional Migration
Increased Urbanicity
Growth in Megaregions
Technological Trends and Travel Impacts
Using GPS and Smartphones to Collect Personal Travel Data
Electronic Payment Systems
Sharing Economy
Telecommuting
Looking Forward
Freight Movement
Freight Transportation System
Freight Transportation Demand
Freight Challenges
Chapter 2: System Characteristics
Highway and Bridge System Characteristics
System History
Roads and Bridges by Ownership
Roads and Bridges by Federal System
Federal-Aid Highways
National Highway System
Interstate System
Freight System
Roads and Bridges by Purpose
System Characteristics
Highway Travel by Functional Classification
Bridges by Functional Classification
NHS by Functional Classification
Transit System Characteristics
System History
System Infrastructure .
Urban Transit Agencies
Transit Fleet
Track, Stations, and Maintenance Facilities
Rural Transit Systems (Section 5311 Providers)
Transit System Characteristics for Americans with Disabilities and the Elderly
Transit System Characteristics: Alternative Fuel Vehicles
Chapter 3: System Conditions
Highway System Conditions
Data Sources
Summary of Current Highway and Bridge Conditions
Condition of Pavements on Federal-aid Highways
Condition of Bridges – Systemwide
Trends in Pavement Ride Quality
Pavement Ride Quality on the National Highway System
Pavement Ride Quality by Functional Classification
Trends in Bridge Structural Deficiencies
Structurally Deficient Bridges by Owner
Structurally Deficient Bridges on the National Highway System
Structurally Deficient Bridges on the STRAHNET
Structurally Deficient Bridges by Functional Classification
Structurally Deficient Bridges by Age
Geometric Design Standards
Roadway Alignment
Lane Width
Functionally Obsolete Bridges
Factors Affecting Pavement and Bridge Performance
Implications of Pavement and Bridge Conditions for Highway Users
Strategies to Achieve State of Good Repair
Transit System Conditions
The Replacement Value of U.S. Transit Assets
Bus Vehicles (Urban Areas)
Other Bus Assets (Urban Areas)
Rail Vehicles
Other Rail Assets
Rural Transit Vehicles and Facilities
Chapter 4: Safety
Highway Safety
Overall Fatalities and Injuries
Fatalities by Roadway Functional Class
Vision: Toward Zero Deaths and Serious Injuries on the Nation’s Roadways
Improved Data
Improved Safety Analysis Tools
Legislative Mandates
Focused Approach to Safety Program
Roadway Departures
Intersections
Pedestrians, Bicyclists, and Other Nonmotorists
Transit Safety
Incidents, Fatalities, and Injuries
Chapter 5: System Performance
Highway System Performance
Economic Competitiveness
Congestion Definition
Congestion Measures
Congestion Trends
Freight Performance
Quality of Life
Measuring Quality of Life
Environmental Sustainability Climate Change Resilience, Adaptation, and Mitigation
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Climate Mitigation Tools and Resources
Building Partnerships to Improve Resilience
Climate Resilience and Adaptation Tools and Resources
Transit System Performance
Average Operating (Passenger-Carrying) Speeds
Vehicle Use
Vehicle Occupancy
Frequency and Reliability of Service
System Coverage: Urban Directional Route Miles
System Capacity
Ridership
Chapter 6: Finance
Highway Finance
Revenue Sources for Highways
Revenue Trends
Highway Expenditures
Historical Expenditure and Funding Trends
Highway Capital Outlay
Capital Outlays on Federal-Aid Highways
Capital Outlays on the National Highway System
Capital Outlays on the Interstate System
Project Finance
Public-Private Partnerships
Federal Credit Assistance
Debt Financing Tools
Transit Finance
Level and Composition of Transit Funding
Federal Funding
State and Local Funding
System-Generated Funds
Trends in Funding
Funding in Current and Constant Dollars
Capital Funding and Expenditures
Operating Expenditures
Operating Expenditures by Transit Mode
Operating Expenditures by Type of Cost
Operating Expenditures per Vehicle Revenue Mile
Operating Expenditures per Passenger Mile
Farebox Recovery Ratios
Rural Transit
Part II: Investment/Performance Analysis
Introduction
Capital Investment Scenarios
Highway and Bridge Investment Scenarios
Transit Investment Scenarios
Comparisons between Report Editions
The Economic Approach to Transportation Investment Analysis
The Economic Approach in Theory and Practice
Measurement of Costs and Benefits in “Constant Dollars”
Uncertainty in Transportation Investment Modeling
Chapter 7: Potential Capital Investment Impacts
Potential Highway Capital Investment Impacts
Types of Capital Spending Projected by HERS and NBIAS
Treatment of Traffic Growth
Alternative Levels of Future Capital Investment Analyzed
Highway Economic Requirements System
Operations Strategies
Travel Demand Elasticity
Impacts of Federal-Aid Highway Investments Modeled by HERS
Selection of Investment Levels for Analysis
Investment Levels and BCRs by Funding Period
Impact of Future Investment on Highway Pavement Ride Quality
Impact of Future Investment on Highway Operational Performance
Impact of Future Investment on Highway User Costs
Impact of Future Investment on Future VMT
Impacts of NHS Investments Modeled by HERS
Impact of Future Investment on NHS User Costs and VMT
Impact of Future Investment on NHS Travel Times and Travel Time Costs
Impact of Future Investment on NHS Pavement Ride Quality
Impacts of Interstate System Investments Modeled by HERS
Impact of Future Investment on Interstate User Costs and VMT
Impact of Future Investment on Interstate System Travel Times and Travel Costs
Impact of Future Investment on Interstate Pavement Ride Quality
National Bridge Investment Analysis System
Performance Measures
Impacts of Systemwide Investments Modeled by NBIAS
Impacts of Federal-Aid Highway Investments Modeled by NBIAS
Impacts of NHS Investments Modeled by NBIAS
Impacts of Interstate Investments Modeled by NBIAS
Potential Transit Capital Investment Impacts
Types of Capital Spending Projected by TERM
Preservation Investments
Expansion Investments
Recent Investment in Transit Preservation and Expansion
Impacts of Systemwide Investments Modeled by TERM
Impact of Preservation Investments on Transit Backlog and Conditions
Expansion Investments and Transit Ridership
Impacts of Urbanized Area Investments Modeled by TERM
Urbanized Areas Over 1 Million in Population
Other Urbanized and Rural Areas
Chapter 8: Selected Capital Investment Scenarios
Selected Highway Capital Investment Scenarios
Scenarios Selected for Analysis
Scenario Derivation and Associated Spending Levels
Highway and Bridge Investment Backlog
Scenario Spending Patterns and Conditions and Performance Projections
Systemwide Scenarios
Federal-Aid Highway Scenarios
Scenarios for the National Highway System and the Interstate System
Selected Transit Capital Investment Scenarios
Sustain 2012 Spending Scenario
Preservation Investments
Expansion Investments
State of Good Repair Benchmark
SGR Investment Needs
Impact on the Investment Backlog
Impact on Conditions
Low-Growth and High-Growth Scenarios
Low- and High-Growth Assumptions
Low- and High-Growth Scenario Needs
Impact on Conditions and Performance
Scenario Impacts Comparison
Scorecard Comparisons
Chapter 9: Supplemental Scenario Analysis
Highway Supplemental Scenario Analysis
Comparison of Scenarios with Previous Reports
Comparison With 2013 C&P Report
Comparisons of Implied Funding Gaps
Highway Travel Demand Forecasts
New National VMT Forecasting Model
Comparison of FHWA-Modeled Forecasts and HPMS Forecasts
VMT Forecasts from Previous C&P Reports
Timing of Investment
Alternative Timing of Investment in HERS
Alternative Timing of Investment in NBIAS
Accounting for Inflation
Transit Supplemental Scenario Analysis
Asset Condition Forecasts and Expected Useful Service Life Consumed for All Transit Assets under Three Scenarios and the SGR Benchmark
Alternative Methodology
Revised Method for Estimating PMT Growth Rates
Impact of New Technologies on Transit Investment Needs
Impact of Compressed Natural Gas and Hybrid Buses on Future Needs
Impact on Costs
Impact on Needs
Impact on Backlog
Forecasted Expansion Investment
Chapter 10: Sensitivity Analysis
Highway Sensitivity Analysis
Alternative Economic Analysis Assumptions
Value of Travel Time Savings
Growth in the Value of Time
Value of Traveler Safety
Discount Rate
Costs of Capital Improvements
Motor Fuel Prices
Traffic Growth Projections
Alternative Strategies
Accelerating Operations/ITS Deployments
Transit Sensitivity Analysis
Changes in Asset Replacement Timing (Condition Threshold)
Changes in Capital Costs
Changes in the Value of Time
Changes to the Discount Rate
Chapter 11: Pedestrian and Bicycle Transportation
Pedestrian and Bicycle Transportation
Background and Context for Pedestrian and Bicycle Network Development, Safety, and Usage Trends
Trends in Pedestrian and Bicycle System Usage
Activity Level Trends
Safety Trends
National Policies, Programs, and Initiatives
Federal Funding for Pedestrian and Bicycle Transportation
Federal Strategic Plans, Policies, and Guidance: 1994–2016
Current Federal Initiatives
Moving Forward
Chapter 12: Transportation Serving Federal and Tribal Lands
Transportation Serving Federal and Tribal Lands
Types of Federal and Tribal Lands
Accessing Tribal Communities
Resources Served within Federal Lands
Role of Transportation in Use of Federal and Tribal Lands
Condition and Performance of Roads Serving Federal and Tribal Lands
Forest Service
National Park Service
Fish and Wildlife Service
Bureau of Land Management
Bureau of Reclamation
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Department of Defense
United States Army Corps of Engineers
Transportation Funding for Federal and Tribal Lands
Increasing Walking, Biking, and Transit Use on Federal and Tribal Lands
The Future of Transportation on Federal and Tribal Lands
Part IV: Recommendations for HPMS Changes
Recommendations for HPMS Changes
Background
Additional Changes to HPMS
Part V: Appendices
Introduction
Appendix A: Highway Investment Analysis Methodology
Highway Investment Analysis Methodology
Highway Economic Requirements System
HERS Improvement Costs
Allocating HERS Results Among Improvement Types
Pavement Condition Modeling
Valuation of Travel Time Savings
Values of Vehicle Occupants’ Travel Time
Vehicle Occupancy
Distribution of Vehicle Use by Purpose
Vehicle Capital Costs
Value of Cargo Carried by Freight Vehicles
Estimated 2012 Values of Travel Time by Vehicle Type
Costs of Air Pollutant Emissions
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Emissions of Criteria Air Pollutants
Effects on HERS Results
Highway Operational Strategies
Current Operations Deployments
Future Operations Deployments
Operations Investment Costs
Impacts of Operations Deployments
Future HERS Enhancements Currently Underway
Appendix B: Bridge Investment Analysis Methodology
Bridge Investment Analysis Methodology
General Methodology
Determining Functional Improvement Needs
Determining Repair and Rehabilitation Needs
Predicting Bridge Element Composition
Calculating Deterioration Rates
Forming of the Optimal Preservation Policy
Applying the Preservation Policy
Future NBIAS Enhancements Currently Underway
Appendix C: Transit Investment Analysis Methodology
Transit Investment Analysis Methodology
Transit Economic Requirements Model
TERM Database
Investment Categories
Asset-Decay Curves
Benefit-Cost Calculations
Appendix D: Reimagining the C&P Report
Reimagining the C&P Report
Methodology Improvement
Evaluation of Alternative Methodologies
Identification of Alternatives for Refining Benefit-Cost Analysis
Integration of Performance Management and Needs Estimation
Enhanced Communication
Data Visualization
Web-Based User Interface
Moving Forward