Epidemics have caused terror across the world throughout history. This book describes how South Africa has faced the challenges of 12 infectious diseases over the centuries, covering Leprosy, Syphilis, Smallpox, Plague, Typhoid, Typhus, Influenza, Cholera, Malaria, Measles, Polio and Diphtheria between the 17th and 20th centuries. Most of these diseases were brought by visitors, colonialists and migrants from outside South Africa, to an indigenous African population that was, by all accounts, previously remarkably healthy. The diseases then spread across the country, aided by the movements of European migrants and their socio-economic policies, in particular the forced migrant labour system in use on the gold, diamond and platinum mines. Urbanization increased the spread of many of these epidemics, which were then responded to by the Colonialist, Unionist and Apartheid-era governments in varying ways. The impact of these diseases is described, along with the causes, control measures and consequences, which often differed according to race. The medical, political, socio-economic and psychological impact on the population is considered, along with the racially-discriminatory interventions taken by the European administrations. These included their laying the foundations for the policies of separate living spaces and segregation leading up to Apartheid. This book analyses the 12 diseases in the context of South Africa's history, and draws conclusions about their impact on its development and the indigenous population.