Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter. In particular, it is concerned with the "condensed" phases that appear whenever the number of constituents in a system is extremely large and the interactions between the constituents are strong. The most familiar examples of condensed phases are solids and liquids, which arise from the electromagnetic forces between atoms. This new book discusses topics such as geometric effects and magnetic phases in quantum rings; metal-insulator phenomena in 2D; clusters in strong fields; progress in fabrication techniques; and a colorimetric recognition of cadmium ions using optically nanostructured cage sensors.