This volume includes seven chapters that describe recent advances in health and disease. Chapter One discusses the distribution and functions of toll-like receptors with a focus on the signaling pathways and interaction with different receptors in response to bacterial ligands. Chapter Two examines the relationship between oral health and nutrition of Arab refugees in Greece. Chapter Three summarizes the present data regarding the role of toll-like receptors, their endogenous ligands and receptor signaling pathways in the initiation and development of acute kidney injury. Chapter Four addresses the role of the NOD-like receptor pyrin containing 3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder and the potential therapeutic strategies targeting the negative modulation of this complex. Chapter Five describes types of laparoscopic approaches for the treatment of abdominal wall hernias. Chapter Six deals with the synthesis and characterization of arptine-lysine co crystals for the enhanced dissolution rate of asprin. Finally, Chapter Seven presents the optimal surgical management of goiter.