This book is comprised of twelve selected chapters on advances in health and disease. Chapter one covers applications of nano-formulations in drug delivery for skin disease treatments. Chapter Two examines the use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in the clinical management of diabetes mellitus. Chapter Three reviews the role of sex hormones in asthma therapy. Chapter Four looks at therapies for critically ill COVID-19 patients. Chapter Five examines resistance plasmids; the key to the adaptation of pathogenic microorganisms in hospital environments. Chapter Six shows how oleic acid prevents oxidative stress by inhibiting metabolic pathways in clinical disorders. Chapter Seven reviews the question of post-COVID-19 reactive arthritis, and whether it is a myth or reality. Chapter Eight examines the diagnosis and treatment of dermoid ovarian cysts in children and adolescents. Chapter Nine reviews the beneficial effects of testosterone replacement therapy in older individuals. Chapter Ten covers the state of the art in difficult to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Chapter Eleven provides therapeutic updates on the condition of juvenile psoriatic arthritis. Chapter Twelve examines the underdiagnosed pathology of sinus tarsi syndrome.