This book is a volume of eight selected chapters discussing advances in the research of materials science. The first chapter examines the potential for using conjugated polymers in enzyme-based electrochemical biosensors. The second chapter reviews the synthesis and applications of BODIPY based conjugated polymers. The third chapter discusses the bioprospecting of biofilm producers for bioconcrete production. Chapter Four examines the past, present, and future of iron removal from kaolin through bioleaching. Chapter Five reviews the use of coir fibers as reinforcement in polymer composites. Chapter Six reviews the molecular arrangement of long-chain ferrocenyl derivatives which have asymmetric carbon in their organized molecular films and formation of its helical nanofibers. Chapter Seven is an investigation of the spectral characteristics of composite structures based on porous materials/colloidal quantum dots/ metal and metal oxide nanoparticles for optoelectronic devices and biomedical application. Chapter Eight is a quantum mechanical study (chemical activity descriptors, nlo, nbo, dna/ect cleavage) of 4-[4-(1h-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)phenoxy]phthalonitrile dimethyl sulfoxide monosolvate compounds containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).