This book provides an overview for educators, policy-makers, and the public with information about the background and academic performance of fourth- and eighth-grade American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) students in the United States. AI/AN students make up about 1 percent of the students at grades 4 and 8 nationally. Fourth- and eighth-grade students were identified as AI/AN based on school records and were sampled along with other students participating in the National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP) subject-area assessments.