Artificial photosynthesis is a process that converts solar energy into a renewable fuel, a so-called solar fuel. This rapidly developing and growing area addresses a global challenge of the 21st century: the transition from a fossil fuel-based to a sustainable economy. This Faraday Discussion is the third volume on this topic and discusses recent breakthroughs and contemporary challenges in the field of artificial photosynthesis. Bringing together scientists with a broad set of expertise this volume will provide a valuable resource for anyone interested in the latest progress and future prospects of this dynamic field.