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Assessment of Children and Youth with Special Needs

Autor Libby G. Cohen, Loraine J. Spenciner
en Limba Engleză Paperback – 19 apr 2006
The Third Edition provides up-to-date information on assessment approaches, research-based practices, and federal mandates related to assessment of students with disabilities, ages 3 - 20. Incorporating formal, informal, and performance-based assessment tools, critical topics are linked to school-based examples.
Assessment of Children and Youth offers future and experienced educators and other professionals a fundamental understanding of widely used tests and measures and contemporary perspectives on assessment.  Each chapter contains an “Overview” section which discusses theories, perspectives, and con­ceptual frameworks.  Throughout the chapters, the reader will find references to the knowledge and skills that beginning special education teachers need to know about assessment. 
This edition incorporates best practices and use of technology in assessment practices.  Major topics covered include: IDEA 2004, No Child Left Behind, research-based practices, formal and informal assessments and testing practices, observation techniques, functional behavioral assessment, curriculum-based assessment, criterion-referenced assessment, performance-based assessments, standardized instruments, contemporary approaches to the assessment of literacy and mathematics, interpreting tests, writing reports, and program evaluation.
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Specificații

ISBN-13: 9780205493531
ISBN-10: 020549353X
Pagini: 448
Dimensiuni: 216 x 276 x 21 mm
Greutate: 1.03 kg
Ediția:3Nouă
Editura: Pearson Education
Colecția Merrill
Locul publicării:Upper Saddle River, United States

Cuprins

Each chapter begins with "Chapter Objectives," "Key Terms," and "Overview" and concludes with "Summary" and "References."
 
1. Foundations of Assessment.
 
            Why Do Teachers Assess?
    Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA) of 2004
            Who is Eligible for Special Education?
            Response to Intervention (RTI). 
            Multidisciplinary Teams
            The Individualized Education Program
            Special Considerations for Young Children
            Transition Services
            Procedures for Ensuring the Rights of Students and Families
    No Child Left Behind Act of 2001
            Assessment Requirements
            Alternative assessments
    Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act
    Court Decisions Affecting Assessment Practices
    Responding to Diversity
 
 
2) Assessment Framework.
 

        Assessment Questions, Steps, and Purposes
                Assessment Questions
                Assessment Steps and Purposes
        Assessment Approaches
        Assessment of Assistive Technology Needs
        Approaches to Assistive Technology Assessment
                SETT Framework
                Matching Person & Technology (MPT)
                Wisconsin Assistive Technology Initiative (WATI)
        Preparing to Administer Assessments
                Before the Testing Begins
                When the Student Arrives
                After the Testing Is Completed
                Interpreting Assessments with Accommodations or Modifications
        Professional Standards
                Confidentiality
                Responding to Diversity
                Avoiding Assessment Bias
        Emerging Practices: Universal Design
 
 
3. Reliability and Validity.
 
        Reliability
                Approach 1: Using Correlation Coefficients
                Approach 2: Variances or Standard Deviations of Measurement Errors
                Approach 3: Item Response Theory
                Factors that Influence Reliability
        Validity
        Validity of Test Interpretations
                Consequential Validity
        Alternate Assessment
        Out-of-Level Testing
        Responding to Diversity: Fairness in Assessment
                Equity
                Nonbiased Assessment
                Linguistic Diversity
        Consideration of Adverse Consequences
 
4. Developing Technical Skills.
 
        Standardization Sample
        Norm-referenced Tests
        Criterion-referenced Tests
        Distinguishing Norm-Referenced Tests from Criterion-Referenced Tests
        Scales of Measurement
                Nominal Scale
                Ordinal Scale
                Interval Scale
                Ratio Scale
        Frequency Distribution
        Normal Curve
        Measures of Central Tendency
                Mean
                Mode
                Median
                Standard Deviation
        Types of Scores
                Raw Scores
                Percentage Scores
                Derived Scores
                Developmental Scores
                Developmental Quotient
                Scores of Relative Standing
                Standard Scores
                Basal and Ceiling Levels
        Standard Error of Measurement and Confidence Intervals
                Standard Error of Measurement
                Confidence Intervals
        Scoring Guidelines
        How Should Assessment Approaches Be Evaluated?
 
5. Observing, Interviewing, and Conferencing.
 
        Why Observe?
        Planning Observations
                Observation Questions
                Defining an Event or Behavior
                Location
                Recording
                Accuracy
                Integration
        Observing the Student: Responding to Diversity
                Work habits
                Interactions with others
                Facial expression and affect
                Body movements
                Adaptive skills
                Participation in play and games
        Recording Methods
                Anecdotal Record
                Running Record
                Event Recording
                Duration Recording
                Intensity Recording
                Latency Recording
                Interval Recording
                Category Recording
                Rating Scales
        Steps in Planning and Conducting Student Observations
        Reducing Errors When Conducting Observations
                Errors of Omission
                Errors of Commission
                Errors of Transmission
                Observer Drift
                Predetermined Expectations
                Student and Setting Characteristics
        Understanding More about Reliability
                Reliability Checks
                Calculating Interobserver Reliability
                Reliability of Event Recording
        Understanding More about Validity
                Developing Informal Norms
        Observing the Classroom Environment
                Physical Environment
                Learning Environment
                Social Environment
        Other Informal Assessment Approaches
                Checklists 
                Interviews
                Questionnaires
                Conferencing and Collaborating
 
 
6. Performance-Based, Authentic and Portfolio Assessments.
 
        Performance-based Assessment
                Developing Performance-Based Assessments
        Authentic Assessment
        Portfolio Assessment
                Contents of a Portfolio
                Organizing the Portfolio
                Helping Students Construct Portfolios
        Using Technology
        Exhibitions
        Responding to Diversity
        Developing Scoring Systems
                Rubric
                Analytic Scoring
                Holistic Scoring
                Benchmarks
        Ensuring Technical Adequacy
                Reliability
                Consistency and Stability
                Consequential Validity
        Cautions When Using Performance-Based, Authentic, and Portfolio Assessment
                Considerations About Using Performance-Based Assessments
 
7. Test Interpretation and Report Writing.
           
        Interpreting Assessment Information
                General Guidelines
                Interpreting Results from Assessments with Accommodations or Modifications
                Generating a Hypothesis
                Examiner Bias
                Using Professional Knowledge
                Responding to Diversity
        General Principles for Report Writing
                Organize the Information
                Relate Only the Facts
                Include Only Essential Information
                Be Aware of Bias
                Present Accurate Information
                Include Any Reservations
                Avoid Technical Jargon
                Write Clearly
        Synthesizing Information
        Types of Assessment Reports
                Reports of Observations
                Individual Test Reports
                Comprehensive Assessment Reports
        Writing the Report
                Identifying Data
                Reason for Referral/Assessment
                Background Information
                Observations of the Environment
                Behavioral Observations
                Tests, Interviews, and Performance-Based Assessment
                Discussion of Results
                Summary
                Recommendations
        Evaluating the Report
        Sharing Assessment Results with Others
                Family Members 
                The Student 
        National and State-wide Assessments
        Using Local Assessments
        Test Software
 
 
8. Achievement: Overall Performance.
 
                Responding to Diversity
        Standardized Instruments
                Steps in the Development of a Standardized Achievement Test
                Benefits
                Disadvantages
        Group Tests
        Individual Achievement Tests
                Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement/Normative Update
                Peabody Individual Achievement Test-Revise/Normative Update
                Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-II
                Wide Range Achievement Test-3
                Woodcock Johnson Tests of Achievement
        Curriculum-based Assessment
                Developing a Curriculum-Based Assessment Instrument
        Criterion-referenced Tests
                Teacher-Developed Criterion-Referenced Tests
        Assessment Approaches
 
 
9. Reading.
 
                Phonemic Awareness
                Phonics
                Word Study
                Reading Fluency
                Syntax
                Vocabulary
                Reading Comprehension
        Technological Literacy
        Assessing Reading
        Assessment Principles
        Standardized Instruments
                Gray Oral Reading Tests-4
                Stanford Diagnostic Reading Test
                Test of Reading Comprehension -3
                Woodcock Reading Mastery Test-Revised/Normative Update
        Concerns about Standardized Reading Tests
        Connecting Assessment with Instruction
                Curriculum-based Assessment: Idol, Nevin, Paolucci-Whitcomb Model
                Curriculum-based Measurement
                Criterion-Referenced Assessment
        Informal Assessment Approaches
                Probes
                Miscue (or Error) Analysis
                Cloze Procedure
                Think-Alouds
                Retelling
                Oral Descriptions
                Written Descriptions
                Checklists and Questionnaires
                Interviews
                Conferences
                Student Journals and Notebooks
        Performance-Based Assessment
                Portfolios
                Exhibitions
        Peer Assessment
 
 
9. Written Language.
 
        Content Validity
        Scoring Written Language Tests
        Standardized Instruments
                Test of Written Expression
                Test of Written Language-3
                Test of Written Spelling-4
        Concerns about Standardized Tests of Written Language
        Connecting Assessment with Instruction
        Curriculum-based Measurement
        Criterion-referenced Assessment
        Informal Approaches
                Probes
                Error Analysis
                Oral Descriptions
                Written Descriptions
                Checklists and Questionnaires
                Interviews
                Conferences
                Student Journals and Notebooks
                Portfolios
                Exhibitions
                Self-Assessment
                Peer Assessment
        Scoring
                Holistic Scoring
                Analytic Scoring
                Anchor Papers
 
11. Oral Language.

                Behavioral Approach
                Social Learning Theory
                Psycholinguistic Approach
        Understanding Speech and Language Disorders
                Speech Disorders
                Language Disorders
        Responding to Diversity
        Speech and Language Assessment
                Form      
                Content
                Use
        Standardized Tests of Oral Language
                Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals ® Fourth Edition
                Expressive Vocabulary Test
                Oral and Written Language Scales
                Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Third Edition
                Preschool Language Scale—4
                Test of Adolescent and Adult Language—3
                Test of Language Development—Primary: Third Edition
        Concerns about Standardized Tests of Oral Language
                Receptive Language
                Expressive Language
        Connecting Assessment with Instruction
                Curriculum-based Measurement
                Language Probes
                Language Samples
                Mean Length Utterances (MLUs)
                Other Approaches
        Observing the Student within the Environment
                Physical Environment
                Learning Environment
                Social Environment
        Students with Severe Communication Disorders
                Augmentative or Alternative Communication Systems
                Assessment for Augmentative or Alternative Communication
 
 
12. Mathematics.
 
        Evaluating Mathematical Abilities
        Responding to Diversity
        Standardized Instruments
                KeyMath-Revised/Normative Update
                Test of Mathematical Abilities-2
        Connecting Assessment with Instruction
        Criterion-referenced Assessment
                Brigance Inventories
        Curriculum-based Assessment
                Suggestions for Accommodations When Using CBAs in Mathematics
                Error Analysis
                Oral Descriptions
                Written Descriptions
                Checklists and Questionnaires
                Interviews
                Conferences
                Student Journals
        Performance-based Assessment
                Portfolios
                Exhibitions
                Self-Assessment
                Peer Assessment
        Observing the Student within the Classroom Environment
                Physical Environment
                Learning Environment
                Social Environment
 
13. Cognitive Development.
 
        Responding to Diversity
        Standardized Instruments
                Batería—R Tests of Cognitive Ability and Achievement
                Cognitive Abilities Test
                Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal Intelligence
                Detroit Tests of Learning Aptitude-Primary: Second Edition
                Detroit Tests of Learning Aptitude-Fourth Edition
                Differential Ability Scales
                Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test
                Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition
                Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fifth Edition
                Test of Nonverbal Intelligence-Third Edition
                Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition Integrated
                Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition  (WISC-IV Spanish)
                Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Cognitive Ability
 
 
14. Adaptive Behavior.
 
        Adaptive Behavior
                Supports
                Maladaptive Behavior
        Responding to Diversity
        Informants
        Standardized Instruments
                Adaptive Behavior Assessment System® Second Edition
                Adaptive Behavior Scales
                Checklist of Adaptive Living Skills
                Responsibility and Independence Scale for Adolescents
                Scales of Independent Behavior— Revised
                Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second Edition (Vineland-II)
 
 
15. Behavior in the Classroom.
 
        Types of Problem Behaviors Observed in the Classroom
        Perspectives for Assessing Problem Behaviors
                Behavioral Perspective
                Biological Perspective
                Developmental Approach
                Humanistic Perspective
        Responding to Diversity
        Observing the Student within the Environment
                Physical Environment
                Learning Environment
                Social Environment
        Assessment Questions, Purposes, and Approaches
                Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA)
        Standardized Instruments for Assessing Problem Behaviors
                Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition
                Child Behavior Checklist System
                Conners’ Rating Scales—Revised
 
16. Implementing Program Evaluation.
 
        Introduction to Program Evaluation
        When Does Program Evaluation Happen?
                Formative Evaluation
                Summative Evaluation
        Program Evaluation and Special Education Services
                Planning an Evaluation of a Specific Student’s Program
        Responding to Diversity
        Planning an Evaluation of a Program
                Identifying the Focus
                Developing a Needs Assessment Questionnaire
                Identifying the Informants
                Collecting Information
                Costs Involved
        Designing and Conducting Evaluations
        Participating in an Evaluation of Your Program by Others
 
17. Involving Families.
 
        Understanding More About Families
        Responding to Diversity
                Aspirations
                Assistance
                Authority of the School
                Child Rearing
                Communication
                Disability
                Legal Status
                Literacy and Language
                Medical Practices
                Meetings and Support Groups
                Parental Roles
                Transient Status
        Federal Legislation and the Role of Parents
                Guaranteed Rights
        The Assessment Process for Families of Young Children
                Initial Questions and Decisions
                Screening Questions and Decision for Families
        How Parents of Children and Youth Are Involved in the Assessment Process
                Prereferral Model: Addressing Parent Questions and Concerns
                Screening Questions and Decisions
                Referral and Decisions for the Team
                Eligibility Questions and Decisions
                Questions and Decisions in Planning Services
                Questions and Decisions in Monitoring Services
                Questions and Decisions in Evaluating Services
        Techniques for Listening to and Understanding Parent Perspectives
                Interviews
                Family Stories
                Planning Parent Conferences
 
 
 
18. Assessment of Young Children.
          
        Screening
                Choosing Appropriate Screening Instruments
                Limitations of Screening
        Comprehensive Developmental Assessment
                Developmental Assessment and Theories of Child Development
                Choosing Appropriate Developmental Assessment Instruments
        Concerns Regarding the Assessment of Young Children
        Linking Assessment with Early Childhood Activities
        Working with Families
        Transition and Assessment
 
19. Youth in Transition.
 
                Legal Requirements
        Transition Assessment
                Purposes of Transition Assessment
                Involving Families
        Person-centered Planning
        Self-Determination Skills
        Assessment Instruments
                Reading-Free Vocational Interest Inventory-2
                Adaptive Behavior and Life Skills
        Work Samples
        Connecting Assessment with Instruction
                Curriculum-Based Vocational Assessment
        Performance-Based Assessment
 

Textul de pe ultima copertă

The Third Edition provides up-to-date information on assessment approaches, research-based practices, and federal mandates related to assessment of students with disabilities, ages 3 - 20. Incorporating formal, informal, and performance-based assessment tools, critical topics are linked to school-based examples.
Highlights of the Third Edition:
  • “How It Works!” features provide an in-depth look at effective classroom assessment practices.
  • “Research-based Practices” features in most chapters describe current findings and applications to assessment practices.
  • Using accommodations, modifications, and assistive technology in assessing students with disabilities.
  • Updated coverage of changes to federal legislation including IDEA, response to intervention, and NCLB mandates.
  • Techniques that will prepare and train students in the assessment of assistive technology needs.
  • In-depth coverage of how to use curriculum-based assessments.
  • Coverage of test interpretation and report writing (chapter 7)
  • An assessment framework that will improve students’ abilities to apply the tools discussed throughout the text (chapter 2).
  • Extensive examples and case studies throughout the chapters connect content with best practices.
  • Chapter 17 on transition assessment has been completely revised and updated.
  • Margin notes highlight CEC standards that correspond to adjacent text discussion.
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Caracteristici

  • Includes a unique chapter on conducting observations (Ch. 5).
  • Includes content-specific chapters (math, language, reading).
  • Includes complete chapters on the following topics:
  • Development (Ch. 18)
  • Behavior (Ch. 15)
  • Transition (Ch. 17)
  • Analyzing, synthesizing, interpreting assessment data, and writing reports (Ch. 7)
  • Case studies, presented through “Snapshots,” connect students to real classroom situations.
  • “Responding to Diversity” sections in most chapters consider issues of sensitivity and responsive­ness to students and the uniqueness of their families. 
  • Covers a range of age, disability, cultural/linguistic, diversity, and curriculum areas.
  • Includes a strong emphasis on parent involvement and teamwork with teachers with forms and practical suggestions.

Caracteristici noi

  • “How It  Works!” features provides students with an in-depth look at effective classroom assessment practices.
  •  “Research-based Practices” features in most chapters describe current findings and their applications to assessment practices.
  • Students learn about the use of accommodations, modifications, and assistive technology in assessing students with disabilities.
  • Updated coverage of changes to federal legislation including IDEA, response to intervention, and NCLB mandates.
  • Techniques that will prepare and train students in the assessment of assistive technology needs.
  • In-depth coverage of how to use curriculum-based assessments.
  • Coverage of test interpretation and report writing (Ch. 7).
  • An assessment framework that will improve students’ abilities to apply the tools discussed throughout the text (Ch. 2).
  • Extensive examples and case studies throughout the chapters connect content with best practices.
  • Chapter 17 on transition assessment has been completely revised and updated.
  • Margin notes highlight CEC standards that correspond to adjacent text discussion.