Assessment of Nontimber Forest Products in the United States Under Changing Conditions
Editat de Forest Service(U.S.), Southern Research Station Autor James L. Chamberlainen Limba Engleză Paperback – 23 aug 2018 – vârsta de la 18 ani
This
Non-timber
Forest
Products’
assessment
serves
as
a
baseline
science
synthesis
and
provides
information
for
managing
non-timber
forest
resources
in
the
United
States.
This
report
provides
technical
input
to
the
2017
National
Climate
Assessment
and
closely
follows
the
Intergovernmental
Panel
on
Climate
Change
(IPCC)
process.
You
will
find
an
overview
of
the
findings
and
interrelated
discussions
covering
aspects
of
biophysical,
social,
cultural,
economic,
and
policy
dimensions
of
non-timber
forest
products
and
the
implications
of
the
effects
of
climatic
variabilities
and
change
for
them.
Appendix
information
summarizes
non-timber
forest
products
relative
to
geographic
regions
across
the
country.
Related products:
Other products produced by theU.S. Forest Service (Department of Agriculture/USDA)can be found here:https://bookstore.gpo.gov/agency/us-forest-service
Find more Federal documents relating toClimate & Weather resourceshere:https://bookstore.gpo.gov/catalog/weather-climate
Related products:
Other products produced by theU.S. Forest Service (Department of Agriculture/USDA)can be found here:https://bookstore.gpo.gov/agency/us-forest-service
Find more Federal documents relating toClimate & Weather resourceshere:https://bookstore.gpo.gov/catalog/weather-climate
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Specificații
ISBN-13: 9780160945885
ISBN-10: 0160945887
Pagini: 276
Dimensiuni: 216 x 279 x 13 mm
Editura: United States Dept. of Agriculture
Colecția Forest Service
ISBN-10: 0160945887
Pagini: 276
Dimensiuni: 216 x 279 x 13 mm
Editura: United States Dept. of Agriculture
Colecția Forest Service
Cuprins
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary ix
CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1
1.1 Literature Cited 7
CHAPTER 2: Nontimber Forest Products and Production 9
2.1 Nontimber Forest Products and their Production 11
2.1.1 What Are Nontimber Forest Products? 11
2.1.2 Plant and Fungi Organs Used 12
2.1.3 Scale of Harvest 12
2.1.4 Market Segments 14
2.1.5 Iconic Nontimber Forest Products 17
2.2 Silviculture for Temperate U.S. Nontimber Forest Products 22
2.2.1 Treatments and Site Conditions 22
2.2.2 Integrating Understory Nontimber Forest Products and Forest Management 24
2.2.3 Integrating Production of Timber and Nontimber Products 25
2.2.4 Considerations and Concerns for Integrating Timber and Nontimber Products 27
2.2.5 Challenges to Managing for Nontimber Forest Products 27
2.3 Forest Farming in Temperate United States 28
2.3.1 Approaches to Forest Farming 29
2.3.2 Common Forest Farmed Products 29
2.4 Market and Economic Considerations 30
2.5 Production in Alaska and Hawai’i 31
2.5.1 Alaska 31
2.5.2 Hawai’i 31
2.6 Production in the Caribbean and Pacific Insular United States 32
2.6.1 Environmental Setting 32
2.6.2 Caribbean, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands 33
2.6.3 Insular Pacifc—American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands 33
2.6.4 Opportunities 34
2.7 Inventory and Analysis 34
2.7.1 Current Approach to Forest Inventory 34
2.7.2 Status of Nontimber Forest Product Inventory 35
2.7.3 Using Forest Inventory and Analysis Data for Nontimber Forest Product Inventory 35
2.8 Tracking Nontimber Forest Products 37
2.8.1 Approaches, Methods, and Programs 38
2.8.2 Other Product Tracking Models 39
2.8.3 Challenges and Considerations for Tracking Products 41
2.9 Knowledge Gaps 42
2.10 Implications of Increased Climatic Variability for Production and Management 44
2.11 Key Findings 47
2.12 Key Information Needs 48
2.13 Conclusions 48
2.14 Literature Cited 49
CHAPTER 3: Ecological Dimensions of Nontimber Forest Product Harvest 59
3.1 Effects of Nontimber Forest Product Harvest on Plant Individuals and Populations 61
3.1.1 Management and Local Ecological Knowledge for Sustainable Harvest 62
3.1.2 Spatiotemporal Variation in Nontimber Forest Product Population Dynamics 63
3.1.3 Community Interactions and Ecosystem Dynamics 64
3.2 Implications of Nontimber Forest Product Harvest for Ecological Systems 66
3.3 Sustainable Harvest of Key Nontimber Forest Product Species 67
3.3.1 American Ginseng 67
3.3.2 Common Beargrass 68
3.3.3 Black cohosh 68
3.3.4 Echinacea 69
3.3.5 Goldenseal 70
3.3.6 Osha 70
3.3.7 Pinyon Pine 71
3.3.8 Saw Palmetto 72
3.4 Effects of Climate Change on Nontimber Forest Products 73
3.4.1 Potential and Observed Species Responses to Climate Change 73
3.4.2 Vulnerability of Nontimber Forest Products to Climate Change 74
3.4.3 Climate-change Integrated Management of Nontimber Forest Product Species 74
3.5 Key Findings 75
3.6 Key Information Needs 75
3.7 Conclusions 76
3.8 Literature Cited 77
CHAPTER 4: Cultural Dimensions of Nontimber Forest Products 83
4.1 Nontimber Forest Products and Culture 85
4.2 Cultural Values and Functions of Nontimber Forest Products 86
4.2.1 Indigenous Cultures and Nontimber Forest Products 86
4.2.2 Settler and Immigrant Cultural Uses of Nontimber Forest Products 86
4.3 Nontimber Forest Product Social-Ecological Systems and Ecosystem Services 87
4.3.1 Management and Nontimber Forest Product Availability 88
4.3.2 Governance and Access to Nontimber Forest Products 89
4.3.3 Nontimber Forest Product Practices 89
4.3.4 Nontimber Forest Product Cultural Ecosystem Services 90
4.4 Impacts of Climatic Variability on Cultural Uses of Nontimber Forest Products 95
4.5 Key Findings 96
4.6 Key Information Needs 96
4.7 Conclusions 96
4.8 Literature Cited 97
CHAPTER 5: Social Dimensions of Nontimber Forest Products 101
5.1 Introduction 103
5.2 An Overview of Nontimber Forest Product Harvesters in the United States 104
5.3 Nontimber Forest Product Stewardship 106
5.3.1 Knowledge 106
5.3.2 Practices 107
5.3.3 Ethics 108
5.3.4 Stewardship 108
5.3.5 Integrating Local and Scientifc Knowledge 108
5.4 Stakeholder Organizations, Labor Issues, and Social Networks 110
5.5 Urban Harvesting and Social Justice 112
5.6 Key Findings 114
5.7 Key Information Needs 115
5.8 Conclusions 115
5.9 Literature Cited 115
CHAPTER 6: Economics of Nontimber Forest Products 119
6.1 Introduction to Economics of Nontimber Forest Products 121
6.2 Markets and Market Values 122
6.2.1 Formal Markets 123
6.2.2 Informal Markets 124
6.2.3 Examples of Economic Impact by Region and Species 125
6.3 Nonmarket Values of Nontimber Forest Products 129
6.3.1 Valuation Methodologies 129
6.3.2 Estimates of Nonmarket Values 130
6.4 Contribution of Nontimber Forest Products to Farm and Household Finance 131
6.4.1 Financial Analysis Methods and Measures 132
6.4.2 Producers and Production Systems 132
6.4.3 Business Models 132
6.4.4 Factors Infuencing Proftability 133
6.4.5 Estimates of Income from Wild-Harvesting 134
6.4.6 Estimates of Forest Farming Proftability 134
6.5 Contribution of Nontimber Forest Products to Household Well-Being 135
6.5.1 Income Needs and Natural Insurance 136
6.5.2 Social Capital 136
6.5.3 Direct Consumption 136
6.5.4 Conditions for Contribution to Well-Being 137
6.5.5 Building Our Understanding of the Role of Nontimber Forest Products in Household Well-Being 137
6.6 Factors Driving Nontimber Forest Product Harvest and Adoption of Forest Farming 138
6.6.1 Wild-Harvesting 138
6.6.2 Forest Farming 139
6.6.3 Motivations and Drivers of Nontimber Forest Products Production and Harvest 140
6.7 Potential Impacts of Climatic Variability on Nontimber Forest Product Economics 141
6.7.1 Risks and Uncertainties 141
6.7.2 Potential Impacts on Individuals and Communities 142
6.8 Key Findings 144
6.9 Key Information Needs 144
6.10 Conclusions 145
6.11 Literature Cited 146
CHAPTER 7: Laws, Policies, and Regulations Concerning Nontimber Forest Products 151
7.1 Overview 153
7.2 Federal Laws and Administrative Dimensions 156
7.2.1 Regulations and Policies 156
7.2.2 Federal Agencies That Manage Nontimber Forest Products 157
7.2.3 Summary of Federal Regulations and Policies 162
7.3 Policies Applicable to Indigenous Peoples 163
7.3.1 National Laws and Authorities 163
7.3.2 Native Peoples of Alaska, Hawai’i, and U.S. Territories 165
7.3.3 Summary 166
7.4 State Laws and Administrative Dimensions 166
7.4.1 State Regulatory Agencies 166
7.4.2 Regulation of Plants on State Lands 168
7.4.3 Summary of State Regulations 169
7.5 Local and Municipal Laws and Administrative Dimensions 170
7.5.1 Local Rules and Regulations 170
7.5.2 Local Administrative Dimensions, Policy, and Management 172
7.5.3 Summary 172
7.6 International Law and Administrative Dimensions 173
7.6.1 International Laws, Policies, and Authorities 173
7.6.2 Nonbinding International Agreements and Collaborations 174
7.6.3 Summary 176
7.7 Nontimber Forest Products and Climate Change Policy 177
7.7.1 Sociocultural and Socioeconomic Impacts of Climate Change Relative to Policies and Regulations 178
7.7.2 Tools That Can Inform Climate Change Policy Pertaining to Nontimber Forest Products 179
7.8 Challenges 179
7.8.1 Recognition as a Natural Resource 180
7.8.2 Complexity 180
7.8.3 Diverse Stakeholders within Largely Informal Economies 180
7.8.4 Federal Agencies 181
7.8.5 International Agreements 181
7.9 Opportunities 181
7.9.1 Federal-Private Partnerships 182
7.9.2 Indigenous Peoples 182
7.9.3 International Agreements 182
7.10 Key Findings 182
7.11 Conclusions 183
7.12 Literature Cited 183
CHAPTER 8: Conclusions: Nontimber Forest Products in an Era of Changing Climate 193
8.1 Nontimber Forest Product Ecologies and Climatic Variability 195
8.2 Social, Cultural, and Economic Dimensions of Nontimber Forest Product and Climatic Variability 196
8.3 Nontimber Forest Product Policy, Management, and Climatic Variability 197
8.4 Gaps in the State of the Knowledge 198
8.5 Conclusions 198
8.6 Literature Cited 198
Appendix 1: Regional Summaries 203
Alaska 203
Hawaii and the U.S.-Affiliated Tropical Islands of the Pacific 205
Northwest 210
Southwest 212
Midwest 215
Great Plains 219
Northeast 222
Southeast 227
Caribbean 233
Appendix 2: Assessment of Risk Due to Climate Change 237
Paper Birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) 237
Thinleaf (Vaccinium membranaceum Doublas ex Torr.) and Evergreen (V. ovatum Pursh) Huckleberries 240
Whitebark Pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm) 243
Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens W. Bartram Small) 246
Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum Marshall) 249
Appendix 3: State Law Websites 252
Appendix 4: Nontimber Forest Product Species Referenced in this Assessment 254