The majority of information contained in this work was derived from primary sources. In my effort to present a picture that gave both Korean and American perspectives, I used historical data from both countries, as well as knowledge based on interviews with experts from both countries. From the United States, I used official State Department cables from several individuals as well as translations of letters sent back and forth between U.S. and Korean officials at the time. These are contained, in their entirety, in Foreign Relations of the United States: 1871, a document containing all official dispatches of the State Department for that year. Other key sources from the American perspective included the official reports filed by the Navy and Marine officers who filled key positions on the naval task force during the time of the battle. These official reports can be found, in their entirety, in Report of the Secretary of the Navy: 1871, a document containing all official Navy and Marine Corps reports from actions and operations participated in during that year.