Bioinspired and Green Synthesis of Nanostructures – A Sustainable Approach

Mousumi Sen, PhD, is working as an assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry, Amity University, India. She received her PhD in bioinorganic chemistry from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India. Her research interest is focused on the development of biotechnological processes for bioprocessing and conversion of waste to generate bioenergy, biofuels and biobased chemicals. Her research focused also includes development of effective and sustainable methods for the removal of inorganic and organic pollutants from polluted water, food chemistry, heavy metal detoxification, composites/nanocomposites, water research, bio-inorganic chemistry and nano chemistry. She has published numerous peer-reviewed research articles in journals of high repute as well as edited and authored books and book chapters. Monalisa Mukherjee, PhD, is the Director of the Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies and professor at the Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Noida, India. She received her PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India in 2006. She is also a recipient of the UK-India Distinguished Visiting Scientist Award in 2011 and was admitted as a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry in 2021. During the past 5 years,

Preface xv 1 Green Synthesis: Introduction, Mechanism, and Effective Parameters 1 Mousumi Sen 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 What Are Nanoparticles? 2 1.3 Types of Nanoparticles 4 1.3.1 Inorganic Nanoparticle 4 1.3.1.1 Green Synthesis of Silver (Ag) Nanoparticles 4 1.3.1.2 Green Synthesis of Gold (Au) Nanoparticles 7 1.3.1.3 Green Synthesis of Copper (Cu) Nanoparticles 8 1.3.1.4 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 9 1.3.2 Organic Nanoparticles 9 1.3.2.1 Liposomes 10 1.3.2.2 Micelles 10 1.3.2.3 Dendrimers 10 1.4 Approaches 10 1.5 Conclusion 18 References 19 2 Greener Nanoscience: Proactive Approach to Advancing Nanotechnology Applications and Reducing Its Negative Consequences 25 Utkarsh Jain and Kirti Saxena 2.1 Introduction 26 2.2 Why Do We Need Green Nanoscience Approaches? 27 2.3 Green Nanotechnology 28 2.4 Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials 29 2.5 Advantages of Green Nanoscience 33 2.5.1 Green Nanoscience in Industries 34 2.5.2 Green Nanoscience in Automobiles 34 2.5.3 Green Nanoelectronics 35 2.5.4 Green Nanoscience in Food and Agriculture 35 2.5.5 Green Nanoscience in Medicines 35 2.6 Conclusion 36 References 37 3 Optimization of the Process Parameters to Develop Green-Synthesized Nanostructures with a Special Interest in Cancer Theranostics 43 Tathagata Adhikary, Chowdhury Mobaswar Hossain and Piyali Basak 3.1 Introduction 44 3.1.1 Conventional Techniques in Nanoparticle Synthesis 44 3.1.2 Green Nanotechnology 46 3.2 Mechanism Underlying Green Synthesis 47 3.3 Green Synthesized Nanoparticles in Cancer Theranostics 52 3.4 Optimizing the Synthesis and Subsequent Characterizations 55 3.4.1 Approaches to Achieve Optimization 55 3.4.2 Characterization of Nanoparticles 57 Acknowledgment 58 References 59 4 Sustainability: An Emerging Design Criterion in Nanoparticles Synthesis and Applications 65 Yashtika Raj Singh, Abhyavartin Selvam, P.E. Lokhande and Sandip Chakrabarti 4.1 Introduction 66 4.2 Biotemplates 69 4.2.1 Plant-Based Biotemplates 70 4.2.2 Microorganism-Based Biotemplates 75 4.2.2.1 Bacteria 75 4.2.2.2 Fungi 79 4.2.2.3 Yeast 79 4.2.2.4 Algae 82 4.3 Synthesis Routes 84 4.3.1 Effect of pH 84 4.3.2 Effect of Temperature 85 4.3.3 Effect of Biomolecules 86 4.3.3.1 Plant-Based 86 4.3.3.2 Microorganism-Based 87 4.4 Applications 88 4.4.1 Biomedical Application 88 4.4.1.1 Antimicrobial Activity 88 4.4.1.2 Biomedication 90 4.4.1.3 Vaccines 90 4.4.1.4 Antidiabetic 91 4.4.1.5 Diagnostic Applications 91 4.4.2 Environmental Application 92 4.4.2.1 Environmental Remediation 93 4.4.2.2 Catalytic Removal of Textile Dyes 93 4.4.2.3 Wastewater Treatment 94 4.4.2.4 Agriculture 94 4.5 Conclusion and Outlook 96 References 98 5 Green Conversion Methods to Prepare Nanoparticle 115 Pradip Kumar Sukul and Chirantan Kar 5.0 Introduction 116 5.1 Bacteria 118 5.2 Fungi 122 5.3 Yeast 127 5.4 Viruses 129 5.5 Algae 132 5.6 Plants 134 5.7 Conclusion and Perspectives 135 References 136 6 Bioinspired Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials From Algae 141 Reetu, Monalisa Mukherjee and Monika Prakash Rai 6.1 Introduction 141 6.2 Algal System-Mediated Nanomaterial Synthesis 143 6.3 Factors Affecting the Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials 145 6.3.1 Light 146 6.3.2 Temperature 146 6.3.3 Incubation Period 146 6.3.4 pH 147 6.3.5 Precursor Concentration and Bioactive Catalyst 147 6.4 Applications of the Green Synthesized Nanomaterials 147 6.4.1 Antimicrobial Agents 148 6.4.2 Anticancerous 149 6.4.3 Biosensing 149 6.4.4 Bioremediation 149 6.5 Future Perspectives 150 6.6 Conclusion 150 References 151 7 Interactions of Nanoparticles with Plants: Accumulation and Effects 157 Indrajit Roy 7.1 Introduction 158 7.2 Uptake and Translocation of Nanoparticles and Nanocarriers in Plants 160 7.3 Nanoparticle-Mediated Sensing and Biosensing in Plants 164 7.4 Tolerance Versus Toxicity of Nanoparticles in Plants 168 7.5 Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of Fertilizers, Pesticides, Other Agrochemicals in Plants 173 7.6 Nanoparticle-Mediated Non-Viral Gene Delivery in Plants 177 7.7 Conclusions 181 Acknowledgments 182 References 183 8 A Clean Nano-Era: Green Synthesis and Its Progressive Applications 189 Susmita Das and Kajari Dutta 8.1 Introduction 190 8.2 Green Synthetic Approaches 190 8.2.1 Microorganism-Induced Synthesis of Nanoparticles 190 8.2.2 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Bacteria 191 8.2.3 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Fungi 191 8.2.4 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Actinomycetes 192 8.2.5 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Algae 192 8.2.6 Plant Extracts for Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles 193 8.3 Nanoparticles Obtained Using Green Synthetic Approaches and Their Applications 193 8.3.1 Synthesis of Silver (Ag) and Gold (Au) 193 8.3.2 Synthesis of Palladium (Pd) Nanoparticles 195 8.3.3 Synthesis of Copper (Cu) Nanoparticles 196 8.3.4 Synthesis of Silver Oxide (Ag2 O) Nanoparticles 197 8.3.5 Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nanoparticles 197 8.3.6 Synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles 198 8.3.7 Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 199 8.4 Conclusion 200 References 200 9 A Decade of Biomimetic and Bioinspired Nanostructures: Innovation Upheaval and Implementation 207 Vishakha Sherawata, Anamika Saini, Priyanka Dalal and Deepika Sharma 9.1 Introduction 208 9.2 Bioinspired Nanostructures 209 9.2.1 Materials Inspired by Structural Properties of Natural Organism 210 9.3 Biomimetic Structures 213 9.4 Biomimetic Synthesis Processes and Products 214 9.5 Application of Bioinspired and Biomimetic Structure 219 9.6 Conclusion 223 9.7 Future Outlook 224 Acknowledgments 225 References 225 10 A Feasibility Study of the Bioinspired Green Manufacturing of Nanocomposite Materials 231 Arpita Bhattacharya 10.1 Introduction 232 10.2 Biopolymers 233 10.2.1 Cellulose 234 10.2.2 Chitosan 234 10.2.3 Starch 234 10.2.4 Chitin 235 10.2.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) 235 10.2.6 Polylactic Acid (PLA) 235 10.3 Different Types of Bioinspired Nanocomposites 236 10.3.1 Polymer-HAp Nanoparticle Composites 236 10.3.2 Nanowhisker-Based Bionanocomposites 237 10.3.3 Clay-Polymer Nanocomposites 238 10.4 Fabrication of Bionanocomposites 240 10.4.1 Electrospinning 240 10.4.2 Solvent Casting 240 10.4.3 Melt Moulding 241 10.4.4 Freeze Drying 242 10.4.5 3D Printing 242 10.4.6 Ball Milling Method 243 10.4.7 Microwave-Assisted Method for Bionanocomposite Preparation 244 10.4.8 Ultraviolet Irradiation Method 245 10.5 Application of Bionanocomposites 246 10.5.1 Orthopedics 246 10.5.2 Dental Applications 248 10.5.3 Tissue Engineering 251 10.6 Conclusion 252 References 252 11 Bioinspiration as Tools for the Design of Innovative Materials and Systems Bioinspired Piezoelectric Materials: Design, Synthesis, and Biomedical Applications 263 Santu Bera 11.1 Bioinspiration and Sophisticated Materials Design 264 11.1.1 Piezoelectricity in Natural Bulk Materials 266 11.1.2 Piezoelectricity in Proteins 267 11.1.3 Piezoelectric Ultra-Short Peptides 270 11.1.4 Single Amino Acid Assembly and Coassembly- Based Piezoelectric Materials 273 11.2 Biomedical Applications 276 11.2.1 Piezoelectric Sensors 276 11.2.2 Tissue Regeneration 279 11.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 281 Acknowledgment 282 References 282 12 Protein Cages and their Potential Application in Therapeutics 291 Chiging Tupe and Soumyananda Chakraborti 12.1 Introduction 292 12.2 Different Methods of Cage Modifications and Cargo Loading 295 12.3 Applications of Protein Cages in Biotechnology and Therapeutics 298 12.3.1 Protein Cage as Targeted Delivery Vehicles for Therapeutic Protein 298 12.3.2 Protein Cage-Based Encapsulation and Targeting of Anticancer Drugs 299 12.3.3 Protein Cage-Based Immune-Therapy 300 12.4 Future Perspective 301 12.5 Conclusion 301 Acknowledgment 301 References 302 13 Green Nanostructures: Biomedical Applications and Toxicity Studies 307 Radhika Chaurasia, Omnarayan Agrawal, Rupesh, Shweta Bansal and Monalisa Mukherjee 13.1 Introduction 308 13.2 Moving Toward Green Nanostructures 309 13.3 Methods of Nanoparticle Synthesis 309 13.4 Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Green Nanostructures 310 13.4.1 Silver Nanoparticles 310 13.4.2 Gold Nanoparticles 311 13.4.3 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 313 13.4.4 Selenium Nanoparticles 314 13.5 Microbe-Based Synthesis 314 13.5.1 Bacteria-Mediated Synthesis of NPs 315 13.5.2 Fungus-Mediated Synthesis of NPs 316 13.5.3 Actinomycete-Mediated Synthesis of NPs 317 13.6 Toxicity of Nanostructures 318 13.7 Conclusion 319 References 319 14 Future Challenges for Designing Industry-Relevant Bioinspired Materials 325 Warren Rosario and Nidhi Chauhan 14.1 Introduction 326 14.2 Bioinspired Materials 327 14.3 Applications of Bioinspired Materials and Their Industrial Relevance 327 14.4 Bioinspired Materials in Optics 328 14.4.1 Applications in Optics 328 14.4.2 Bioinspired Materials in Energy 329 14.4.3 Applications in Energy 331 14.4.4 Bioinspired Materials in Medicine 333 14.5 Applications in Medicine 333 14.6 Future Challenges for Industrial Relevance 336 14.7 Optics-Specific Challenges 341 14.8 Energy-Specific Challenges 342 14.9 Medicine-Specific Challenges 342 14.10 Conclusion 343 References 344 15 Biomimetic and Bioinspired Nanostructures: Recent Developments and Applications 353 Sreemoyee Chakraborty, Debabrata Bera, Lakshmishri Roy and Chandan Kumar Ghosh 15.1 Introduction 354 15.2 Designing Bioinspired and Bioimitating Structures and Pathways 357 15.3 Nanobiomimicry--Confluence of Nanotechnology and Bioengineering 359 15.4 Biofunctionalization of Inorganic Nanoparticles 361 15.4.1 Strategies to Develop Biofunctionalized Nanoparticles 361 15.4.2 Fate of Biofunctionalized Nanoparticles 362 15.4.3 Biofunctionalization Nanoparticles with Different Organic Compounds 363 15.4.3.1 Carbohydrates 363 15.4.3.2 Nucleic Acid 363 15.4.3.3 Peptides 364 15.4.3.4 DNA 364 15.4.3.5 Antibody 364 15.4.3.6 Enzyme 365 15.4.3.7 Stability of Biofunctionalized Nanoparticles 365 15.4.3.8 Applications of Biofunctionalized Nanoparticles 365 15.5 Multifarious Applications of Biomimicked/Bioinspired Novel Nanomaterials 367 15.5.1 Implementation of Nanobiomimicry for Sustainable Development 367 15.5.2 Bioinspired Nanomaterials for Biomedical and Therapeutic Applications 370 15.5.3 Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring 376 15.5.3.1 Nanosensor Design 378 15.5.3.2 Operation of a Biomimetic Sensor 380 15.5.3.3 Applications in Environmental Monitoring 381 15.5.4 Biomimetic Nanostructure for Advancement of Agriculture and Bioprocess Engineering 383 15.5.5 Nanobiomimetics as the Future of Food Process Engineering 387 15.6 Emerging Trends and Future Developments in Bioinspired Nanotechnology 389 15.7 Conclusion 390 References 391 Index 405