Biomass–Based Supercapacitors – Design, Fabrication and Sustainability

Dr. Md. Abdul Aziz is a Research Scientist-II at Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Saudi Arabia. His main research interests are preparation, immobilization, and functionalization of nanomaterials and carbonaceous materials, and their application in supercapacitors, water splitting, chemical and biochemical sensors. Dr. Syed Shaheen Shah is a JSPS Post-Doctoral Fellow in the Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan. His research interests focus on the development and mechanistic investigation of advanced nanomaterials for energy harvesting and storage applications, such as supercapacitors, electrochemical water splitting, and electrochemical sensors.

About the Editors ix Preface xi List of Contributors xiii Part 1 Biomass 1 1 Introduction to Biomass 3 Md. Almujaddade Alfasane, Ashika Akhtar, Nasrin Siraj Lopa, and Md. Mahbubur Rahman 2 Environmental Aspects of Biomass Utilization in Supercapacitors 23 Runa Akter, Jaber Bin Abdul Bari, Saidur R. Chowdhury, Muhammad Muhitur Rahman, and Syed Masiur Rahman 3 Biomass Utilization in Supercapacitors for the Circular Economy 41 Runa Akter, Md. Raquibul Hassan Bhuiyan, Saidur R. Chowdhury, Muhammad Muhitur Rahman, and Syed Masiur Rahman Part 2 Fundamentals of Supercapacitors 61 4 Introduction to Supercapacitors 63 Syed Shaheen Shah, Mohammad Rezaul Karim, Md. Abdul Wahab, Muhammad Ali Ehsan, and Md. Abdul Aziz 5 Electrochemical Techniques for Supercapacitors 81 Syed Shaheen Shah, Md Abdul Aziz, and Munetaka Oyama 6 Types of Supercapacitors 93 Syed Shaheen Shah, Md. Abdul Aziz, Wael Mahfoz, and Md. Akhtaruzzaman Part 3 Biomass Derived Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors 105 7 Non-activated Carbon for Supercapacitor Electrodes 107 Md. Akib Hasan, Mohammad Anikur Rahman, and Md. Mominul Islam 8 Carbon from Pre-Treated Biomass 121 Syeda Ramsha Ali, Mian Muhammad Faisal, and K.C. Sanal 9 Carbonate Salts-activated Carbon 143 Syed Shaheen Shah , Md. Abdul Aziz , Laiq Zada, Haroon Ur Rahman, Falak Niaz, and Khizar Hayat 10 KOH/NaOH-activated Carbon 161 Nasrin Siraj Lopa, Biswa Nath Bhadra, Nazmul Abedin Khan, Serge Zhuiykov, and Md. Mahbubur Rahman 11 Chloride Salt-activated Carbon for Supercapacitors 179 Eman Gul, Syed Adil Shah, and Syed Niaz Ali Shah 12 CO2-activated Carbon 201 Salman Farsi, Thuhin Kumar Dey, Mushfiqur Rahman, and Mamun Jamal 13 Steam-activated Carbon for Supercapacitors 213 Madhusudan Roy and Hasi Rani Barai 14 Biomass-Derived Hard Carbon for Supercapacitors 237 Himadri Tanaya Das, Swapnamoy Dutta, Muhammad Usman, T. Elango Balaji, and Nigamananda Das 15 Carbon Nanofibers 249 Nasrin Sultana, Ahtisham Anjum, S. M. Abu Nayem, Syed Shaheen Shah, Md. Hasan Zahir , A. J. Saleh Ahammad, and Md. Abdul Aziz 16 Biomass-Derived Graphene-Based Supercapacitors 269 Nafeesa Sarfraz, Ibrahim Khan, and Abdulmajeed H. Hendi 17 Biomass-derived N-doped Carbon for Electrochemical Supercapacitors 289 Syed Niaz Ali Shah, Eman Gul, Narayan Chandra Deb Nath, and Guodong Du 18 Biomass Based S-doped Carbon for Supercapacitor Application 315 S. M. Abu Nayem, Santa Islam, Syed Shaheen Shah, Nasrin Sultana, Wael Mahfoz, A. J. Saleh Ahammad, and Md. Abdul Aziz 19 Biomass-derived Carbon and Metal Oxides Composites for Supercapacitors 329 Muhammad Ammar, Himadri Tanaya Das, Awais Ali, Sami Ullah, Abuzar Khan, Abbas Saeed Hakeem, Naseem Iqbal, Muhammad Humayun, Muhammad Zahir Iqbal, and Muhammad Usman 20 Composites of Biomass-derived Materials and Conducting Polymers 347 Wael Mahfoz, Abubakar Dahiru Shuaibu, Syed Shaheen Shah, Md. Abdul Aziz, and Abdul-Rahman Al-Betar 21 Composite of Biomass-derived Material and Conductive Material Excluding Conducting Polymer Material 367 Nasrin Sultana, Ahmar Ali, S. M. Abu Nayem, Syed Shaheen Shah, Md. Hasan Zahir, A. J. Saleh Ahammad, and Md. Abdul Aziz Part 4 Binding Materials, Electrolytes, Separators, and Packaging Materials from Biomass for Supercapacitors 383 22 Biomass-based Electrolytes for Supercapacitor Applications 385 S. M. Abu Nayem, Santa Islam, Syed Shaheen Shah, Nasrin Sultana, M. Nasiruzzaman Shaikh, Md. Abdul Aziz, and A. J. Saleh Ahammad 23 Biomass-based Separators for Supercapacitor Applications 403 S. M. Abu Nayem, Santa Islam, Syed Shaheen Shah, Abdul Awal, Nasrin Sultana, A. J. Saleh Ahammad, and Md. Abdul Aziz 24 Binding Agents and Packaging Materials of Supercapacitors from Biomass 417 Md. Mehedi Hasan and Md. Rajibul Akanda Part 5 Biomass-Based Supercapacitors: Future Outlooks and Challenges 435 25 Biomass-based Supercapacitors: Lab to Industry 437 Syed Shaheen Shah, Md. Abdul Aziz, Muhammad Usman, Abbas Saeed Hakeem, Shahid Ali, and Atif Saeed Alzahrani 26 Future Directions and Challenges in Biomass-Based Supercapacitors 461 Syed Shaheen Shah, Md. Abdul Aziz, Muhammad Ali, Muhammad Usman, Sikandar Khan, Farrukh Shehzad, Syed Niaz Ali Shah, and Sami Ullah Index 485