Biotechnology of Microbial Enzymes: Production, Biocatalysis, and Industrial Applications
Editat de Goutam Brahmacharien Limba Engleză Paperback – 23 ian 2023
The application of recombinant DNA technology within industrial fermentation and the production of enzymes over the last three decades have produced a host of useful chemical and biochemical substances. The power of these technologies results in novel transformations, better enzymes, a wide variety of applications, and the unprecedented development of biocatalysts through the ongoing integration of molecular biology methodology, all of which is covered insightfully and in-depth within the book.
This fully revised, second edition is updated to address the latest research developments and applications in the field, from microbial enzymes recently applied in drug discovery to penicillin biosynthetic enzymes and penicillin acylase, xylose reductase, and microbial enzymes used in antitubercular drug design. Across the chapters, the use of microbial enzymes in sustainable development and production processes is fully considered, with recent successes and ongoing challenges highlighted.
- Explores advances in microbial enzymes from basic science through application in multiple industry sectors
- Includes up-to-date discussions of metabolic pathway engineering, metagenomic screening, microbial genomes, extremophiles, rational design, directed evolution, and more
- Provides a holistic approach to the research of microbial enzymes and their use in sustainable processes and innovation
- Features all new chapters discussing microbial enzyme classes of growing interest, as well as enzymes recently applied in drug discovery and other applications
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Specificații
ISBN-13: 9780443190599
ISBN-10: 0443190593
Pagini: 838
Dimensiuni: 152 x 229 x 50 mm
Greutate: 1.36 kg
Ediția:2
Editura: ELSEVIER SCIENCE
ISBN-10: 0443190593
Pagini: 838
Dimensiuni: 152 x 229 x 50 mm
Greutate: 1.36 kg
Ediția:2
Editura: ELSEVIER SCIENCE
Public țintă
Active researchers in biochemistry, molecular biology, microbiology, cell biology, structural biology, synthetic chemistry, biochemical engineering, food science, and pharmaStudents
Cuprins
1. Biotechnology of microbial enzymes: production, biocatalysis, and industrial applications—an overview
Goutam Brahmachari
1.1 Introduction
1.2 An overview of the book
1.2.1 Chapter 2
1.2.2 Chapter 3
1.2.3 Chapter 4
1.2.4 Chapter 5
1.2.5 Chapter 6
1.2.6 Chapter 7
1.2.7 Chapter 8
1.2.8 Chapter 9
1.2.9 Chapter 10
1.2.10 Chapter 11
1.2.11 Chapter 12
1.2.12 Chapter 13
1.2.13 Chapter 14
1.2.14 Chapter 15
1.2.15 Chapter 16
1.2.16 Chapter 17
1.2.17 Chapter 18
1.2.18 Chapter 19
1.2.19 Chapter 20
1.2.20 Chapter 21
1.2.21 Chapter 22
1.2.22 Chapter 23
1.2.23 Chapter 24
1.2.24 Chapter 25
1.2.25 Chapter 26
1.3 Concluding remarks
2. Useful microbial enzymes—an introduction
Beatriz Ruiz-Villafa´n, Romina Rodrı´guez-Sanoja and Sergio Sa´nchez
2.1 The enzymes: a class of useful biomolecules
2.2 Microbial enzymes for industry
2.3 Improvement of enzymes
2.4 Discovery of new enzymes
2.5 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
References
3. Production, purification, and application of microbial enzymes
Anil Kumar Patel, Cheng-Di Dong, Chiu-Wen Chen, Ashok Pandey and Reeta Rani Singhania
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Production of microbial enzymes
3.2.1 Enzyme production in industries
3.2.2 Industrial enzyme production technology
3.3 Strain improvements
3.3.1 Mutation
3.3.2 Recombinant DNA technology
3.3.3 Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas9 technology
3.3.4 Protein engineering
3.4 Downstream processing/enzyme purification
3.5 Product formulations
3.6 Global enzyme market scenarios
3.7 Industrial applications of enzymes
3.7.1 Food industry
3.7.2 Textile industry
3.7.3 Detergent industry
3.7.4 Pulp and paper industry
3.7.5 Animal feed industry
3.7.6 Leather industry
3.7.7 Biofuel from biomass
3.7.8 Enzyme applications in the chemistry and pharma sectors
3.8 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
4. Solid-state fermentation for the production of microbial cellulases
Sudhanshu S. Behera, Ankush Kerketta and Ramesh C. Ray
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Solid-state fermentation
4.2.1 Comparative aspects of solid-state and submerged fermentations
4.2.2 Cellulase-producing microorganisms in solid-state fermentation
4.2.3 Extraction of microbial cellulase in solid-state fermentation
4.2.4 Measurement of cellulase activity in solid-state fermentation
4.3 Lignocellulosic residues/wastes as solid substrates in solid-state fermentation
4.4 Pretreatment of agricultural residues
4.4.1 Physical pretreatments
4.4.2 Physiochemical pretreatment
4.4.3 Chemical pretreatments
4.4.4 Biological pretreatment
4.5 Environmental factors affecting microbial cellulase production in solid-state fermentation
4.5.1 Water activity/moisture content
4.5.2 Temperature
4.5.3 Mass transfer processes: aeration and nutrient diffusion
4.5.4 Substrate particle size
4.5.5 Other factors
4.6 Strategies to improve production of microbial cellulase
4.6.1 Metabolic engineering and strain improvement
4.6.2 Recombinant strategy (heterologous cellulase expression)
4.6.3 Mixed-culture (coculture) systems
4.7 Fermenter (bioreactor) design for cellulase production in solid-state fermentation
4.7.1 Tray bioreactor
4.7.2 Packed bed reactor
4.7.3 Rotary drum bioreactor
4.7.4 Fluidized bed reactor
4.8 Biomass conversions and application of microbial cellulase
4.8.1 Textile industry
4.8.2 Laundry and detergent
4.8.3 Paper and pulp industry
4.8.4 Bioethanol and biofuel production
4.8.5 Food industry
4.8.6 Agriculture
4.9 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
5. Hyperthermophilic subtilisin-like proteases from Thermococcus kodakarensis
Ryo Uehara, Hiroshi Amesaka, Yuichi Koga, Kazufumi Takano, Shigenori Kanaya and Shun-ichi Tanaka
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Two Subtilisin-like proteases from Thermococcus Kodakarensis KOD1
5.3 TK-subtilisin
5.3.1 Ca21-dependent maturation of Tk-subtilisin
5.3.2 Crystal structures of Tk-subtilisin
5.3.3 Requirement of Ca21-binding loop for folding
5.3.4 Ca21 ion requirements for hyperstability
5.3.5 Role of Tkpro
5.3.6 Role of the insertion sequences
5.3.7 Cold-adapted maturation through Tkpro engineering
5.3.8 Degradation of PrPSc by Tk-subtilisin
5.3.9 Tk-subtilisin pulse proteolysis experiments
5.4 Tk-SP
5.4.1 Maturation of Pro-Tk-SP
5.4.2 Crystal structure of Pro-S359A
5.4.3 Role of proN
5.4.4 Role of the C-domain
5.4.5 PrPSc degradation by Tk-SP
5.5 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
References
6. Enzymes from basidiomycetes—peculiar and efficient tools for biotechnology
Thaı´s Marques Uber, Emanueli Backes, Vinı´cius Mateus Salvatore Saute, Bruna Polacchine da Silva, Rubia Carvalho Gomes Correˆ a, Camila Gabriel Kato, Fla´vio Augusto Vicente Seixas, Adelar Bracht and Rosane Marina Peralta
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Brown- and white-rot fungi
6.3 Isolation and laboratory maintenance of wood-rot basidiomycetes
6.4 Basidiomycetes as producers of enzymes involved in the degradation of lignocellulose biomass
6.4.1 Enzymes involved in the degradation of cellulose and hemicelluloses
6.4.2 Enzymes involved in lignin degradation
6.5 Production of ligninolytic enzymes by basidiomycetes: screening and production in laboratory scale
6.6 General characteristics of the main ligninolytic enzymes with potential biotechnological applications
6.6.1 Laccases
6.6.2 Peroxidases
6.7 Industrial and biotechnological applications of ligninolytic enzymes from basidiomycetes
6.7.1 Application of ligninolytic enzymes in delignification of vegetal biomass and biological detoxification for biofuel production
6.7.2 Application of ligninolytic enzymes in the degradation of xenobiotic compounds
6.7.3 Application of ligninolytic enzymes in the degradation of textile dyes
6.7.4 Application of ligninolytic enzymes in pulp and paper industry
6.8 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
References
7. Metagenomics and new enzymes for the bioeconomy to 2030
Patricia Molina-Espeja, Cristina Coscolı´n, Peter N. Golyshin and Manuel Ferrer
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Metagenomics
7.3 Activity-based methods for enzyme search in metagenomes
7.4 Computers applied to metagenomic enzyme search
7.5 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
8. Enzymatic biosynthesis of β-lactam antibiotics
Swati Srivastava, Reeta Bhati and Rajni Singh
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of β-lactam antibiotics
8.2.1 Isopenicillin N synthase
8.2.2 β-Lactam synthetase
8.2.3 Carbapenam synthetase (Cps)
8.2.4 Tabtoxinine β-lactam synthetase (Tbl S)
8.2.5 Deacetoxycephalosporin C synthase and deacetylcephalosporin C synthase
8.2.6 Clavaminic acid synthase
8.2.7 Nonribosomal peptide synthetases
8.3 Semisynthetic β-lactam derivatives
8.4 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
9. Insights into the molecular mechanisms of β-lactam antibiotic synthesizing and modifying enzymes in fungi
Juan F. Martı´n, Carlos Garcı´a-Estrada and Paloma Liras
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Penicillin and cephalosporin biosynthesis: a brief overview
9.1.2 Genes involved in penicillin and cephalosporin biosynthesis
9.2 ACV synthetase
9.2.1 The ACV assembly line
9.2.2 The cleavage function of the integrated thioesterase domain
9.3 Isopenicillin N synthase
9.3.1 Binding and lack of cyclization of the LLL-ACV
9.3.2 The iron-containing active center
9.3.3 The crystal structure of isopenicillin N synthase
9.3.4 Recent advances in the cyclization mechanism
9.4 Acyl-CoA ligases: a wealth of acyl-CoA ligases activate penicillin side-chain precursors
9.5 Isopenicillin N acyltransferase (IAT)
9.5.1 Posttranslational maturation of the IAT
9.5.2 The IPN/6-APA/PenG substrate-binding pocket
9.5.3 A transient acyl-IAT intermediate
9.5.4 The origin of IAT: an homologous AT in many fungal genomes
9.6 Transport of intermediates and penicillin secretion
9.6.1 Transport of isopenicillin N into peroxisomes
9.6.2 IAT is easily accessible to external 6-APA
9.6.3 Intracellular traffic of intermediates and secretion of penicillins
9.7 Production of semisynthetic penicillins by penicillin acylases
9.7.1 Molecular mechanisms of penicillin acylases
9.7.2 Novel developments in industrial applications of penicillin acylases
9.8 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
10. Role of glycosyltransferases in the biosynthesis of antibiotics
Pankaj Kumar, Sanju Singh, Vishal A. Ghadge, Harshal Sahastrabudhe, Meena R. Rathod and Pramod B. Shinde
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Classification and structural insights of glycosyltransferases
10.3 Role of glycosylation in enhancing bioactivity
10.3.1 Vancomycin
10.3.2 Tiacumicin B
10.3.3 Amycolatopsins
10.3.4 Digitoxin
10.3.5 Aminoglycosides
10.4 Engineering biosynthetic pathway of antibiotics by altering glycosyltransferases
10.4.1 Combinatorial biosynthesis
10.4.2 Glycorandomization
10.5 Identification of glycosyltransferases and glycosylated molecules using bioinformatics
10.6 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
11. Relevance of microbial glucokinases
Beatriz Ruiz-Villafa´n, Diana Rocha, Alba Romero and Sergio Sa´nchez
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Synthesis, biochemical properties, and regulation
11.3 Structure
11.4 Catalytic mechanism
11.5 Production
11.6 Potential applications in industrial processes
11.7 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
12. Myctobacterium tuberculosis DapA as a target for antitubercular drug design
Ayushi Sharma, Ashok Kumar Nadda and Rahul Shrivastava
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Tuberculosis: global epidemiology
12.2 Challenges encountered by the scientific communities
12.3 MTB cell wall: a source of drug targets
12.3.1 Targeting MTB cell wall enzymes
12.4 The diaminopimelate (DAP) pathway (lysine synthesis pathway)
12.5 Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DapA)
12.5.1 Structure of MTB DapA
12.5.2 Action mechanism of MTB DapA
12.5.3 Active site of MTB DapA
12.5.4 Kinetic parameters of MTB DapA
12.5.5 Regulation of MTB DapA activity
12.5.6 Inhibitors against MTB DapA
12.6 Previous experiments targeting MTB Dap pathway enzymes
12.7 Significance of inhibitors against MTB Dap pathway enzymes
12.8 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgment
Abbreviations
References
13. Lipase-catalyzed organic transformations: a recent update
Goutam Brahmachari
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Chemoenzymatic applications of lipases in organic transformations: a recent update
13.3 Concluding remarks
References
14. Tyrosinase and Oxygenases: Fundamentals and Applications
Shagun Sharma, Kanishk Bhatt, Rahul Shrivastava and Ashok Kumar Nadda
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Origin and Sources
14.2.1 Tyrosinase
14.2.2 Oxygenase
14.3 Molecular Structure of Tyrosinase and Oxygenase
14.3.1 Molecular structure of Tyrosinase
14.3.2 Oxygenase
14.4 Mechanism of Catalytic Action
14.4.1 Tyrosinase: mechanism of the reaction
14.4.2 Oxygenase
14.5 Applications of Tyrosinase and Oxygenase
14.5.1 Biological applications
14.5.2 Applications in food industry
14.5.3 Applications in bioremediation
14.5.4 Medicinal applications
14.5.5 Industrial applications
14.6 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgement
Abbreviations
References
15. Application of microbial enzymes as drugs in human therapy and healthcare
Miguel Arroyo, Isabel de la Mata, Carlos Barreiro, Jose´ Luis Garcı´a and Jose´ Luis Barredo
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Manufacture of therapeutic enzymes
15.2.1 Production and purification
15.2.2 Preparation of “single-enzyme nanoparticles: SENization
15.2.3 Oral enzyme therapy
15.3 Examples of microbial enzymes aimed at human therapy and healthcare
15.3.1 “Clot buster microbial enzymes
15.3.2 Microbial enzymes as digestive aids
15.3.3 Microbial enzymes for the treatment of congenital diseases
15.3.4 Microbial enzymes for the treatment of infectious diseases: enzybiotics
15.3.5 Microbial enzymes for burn debridement and fibroproliferative diseases: collagenase
15.3.6 Enzymes for the treatment of cancer
15.3.7 Other enzymes for the treatment of other health disorders
15.4 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
16. Microbial enzymes in pharmaceutical industry
Nidhi Y. Patel, Dhritiksha M. Baria, Dimple S. Pardhi, Shivani M. Yagnik, Rakeshkumar R. Panchal, Kiransinh N. Rajput and Vikram H. Raval
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Cataloging of hydrolases used in pharmaceutical industry
16.3 Microbial enzymes in pharmaceutical processes
16.3.1 Therapeutics
16.3.2 Antiinflammatory
16.3.3 Enzybiotics
16.4 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
17. Microbial enzymes of use in industry
Xiangyang Liu and Chandrakant Kokare
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Classification and chemical nature of microbial enzymes
17.2.1 Amylases
17.2.2 Catalases
17.2.3 Cellulases
17.2.4 Lipases
17.2.5 Pectinases
17.2.6 Proteases
17.2.7 Xylanases
17.2.8 Other enzymes
17.3 Production of microbial enzymes
17.3.1 Fermentation methods
17.3.2 Purification methods
17.4 Applications of microbial enzymes
17.4.1 Plastic/polymer biodegradation
17.4.2 Food and beverage
17.4.3 Detergents
17.4.4 Removal of pollutants
17.4.5 Textiles
17.4.6 Animal feed
17.4.7 Ethanol production
17.4.8 Other applications
17.5 Future of microbial enzymes
17.6 Concluding remarks
References
18. Microbial enzymes used in food industry
Pedro Fernandes and Filipe Carvalho
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 A global perspective on the use of enzymes in the food industry
18.1.2 Identification/improvement of the right biocatalyst
18.1.3 Enzyme sources and safety issues
18.2 Microbial enzymes in food industry
18.2.1 Production of enzymes for food processing
18.2.2 Formulation of enzymes for use in food processing
18.2.3 Granulation of enzymes
18.2.4 Tablets
18.2.5 Immobilization
18.2.6 Applications in food industries
18.3 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
19. Carbohydrases: a class of all-pervasive industrial biocatalysts
Archana S. Rao, Ajay Nair, Hima A. Salu, K.R. Pooja, Nandini Amrutha Nandyal, Venkatesh S. Joshi, Veena S. More, Niyonzima Francois, K.S. Anantharaju and Sunil S. More
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Classification of carbohydrases
19.2.1 Glycosidases
19.2.2 Glycosyltransferase
19.2.3 Glycosyl phosphorylases
19.2.4 Polysaccharide lyases
19.2.5 Carbohydrate esterases
19.3 Sources
19.3.1 Marine microorganisms
19.3.2 Rumen bacteria
19.3.3 Genetically modified organisms
19.3.4 Fungi and yeasts
19.4 Industrial production of carbohydrase
19.4.1 Enzyme immobilization
19.5 Industrial applications of carbohydrases
19.5.1 Enzymes involved in the production of beverages
19.5.2 Enzymes involved in the production of prebiotics
19.5.3 Enzymes involved in syrup and isomaltulose production
19.5.4 Enzymes in dairy industry
19.5.5 Carbohydrases in animal feed production
19.5.6 Carbohydrase application in pharmaceutical industries
19.5.7 Carbohydrases involved in detergent
19.5.8 Carbohydrases in wastewater treatment
19.5.9 Agriculture
19.5.10 Enzymes in textile industry
19.5.11 Carbohydrases involved in biofuel production
19.5.12 Carbohydrases involved in paper industry
19.6 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
20. Role of microbial enzymes in agricultural industry
Prashant S. Arya, Shivani M. Yagnik and Vikram H. Raval
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Soil and soil bacteria for agriculture
20.3 Microbial enzymes
20.3.1 Nitro-reductase
20.3.2 Hydrolases
20.3.3 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase
20.3.4 Phosphate-solubilizing enzymes
20.3.5 Sulfur-oxidizing and reducing enzymes
20.3.6 Oxidoreductases
20.3.7 Zinc-solubilizing enzymes
20.4 Microbial enzymes for crop health, soil fertility, and allied agro-industries
20.4.1 Crop health (assessment via biocontrol agents)
20.4.2 Soil fertility (indicator enzymes)
20.4.3 Allied agro-industrial applications
20.5 Agricultural enzyme market
20.6 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
21. Opportunities and challenges for the production of fuels and chemicals: materials and processes for biorefineries
Carolina Reis Guimara˜ es, Ayla Sant’Ana da Silva, Daniel Oluwagbotemi Fasheun, Denise M.G. Freire, Elba P.S. Bon, Erika Cristina G. Aguieiras, Jaqueline Greco Duarte, Marcella Fernandes de Souza, Mariana de Oliveira Faber, Marina Cristina Tomasini, Roberta Pereira Espinheira, Ronaldo Rodrigues de Sousa, Ricardo Sposina Sobral Teixeira and Viridiana S. Ferreira-Leita˜o
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Brazilian current production and processing of lignocellulosic sugarcane biomass
21.2.1 Cellulosic ethanol: worldwide production and feedstock description
21.2.2 Lignocellulosic biomass components and biomass-degrading enzymes
21.2.3 Perspectives and difficulties of cellulosic ethanol production
21.2.4 Enzyme-based initiatives for ethanol production at commercial scale
21.2.5 Perspectives on the use of microalgae as sources of fermentable sugars
21.3 Technical and economic prospects of using lipases in biodiesel production
21.3.1 Current biodiesel production and perspectives
21.3.2 Biocatalytic production of biodiesel
21.3.3 Feedstocks used for biodiesel production
21.3.4 Enzymatic routes for biodiesel production
21.3.5 Enzymatic biodiesel: state of the art
21.3.6 Perspectives for enzymatic biodiesel production
21.4 Perspectives on biomass processing for composites and chemicals production
21.5 Biogas/biomethane production
21.5.1 Enzymes applied to improve anaerobic digestion
21.5.2 Generation and use of biogas/biomethane in Brazil
21.5.3 Hydrogen production
21.5.4 Sequential production of hydrogen and methane
21.6 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
22. Use of lipases for the production of biofuels
Thais de Andrade Silva, Julio Pansiere Zavarise, Igor Carvalho Fontes Sampaio, Laura Marina Pinotti, Servio Tulio Alves Cassini and Jairo Pinto de Oliveira
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Lipases
22.2.1 Immobilization of lipases
22.2.2 Immobilization methods and supports
22.3 Feedstocks
22.3.1 Vegetable oils
22.3.2 Animal fats
22.3.3 Oily waste
22.3.4 Microalgae oil and biomass
22.4 Catalytic process
22.4.1 Effect of temperature
22.4.2 Effect of water content
22.4.3 Effect of acyl acceptor
22.4.4 Effect of solvent
22.4.5 Effect of molar ratio
22.5 Reactors and industrial processes
22.6 Concluding remarks
References
23. Microbial enzymes used in textile industry
Francois N. Niyonzima, Veena S. More, Florien Nsanganwimana, Archana S. Rao, Ajay Nair, K.S. Anantharaju and Sunil S. More
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Isolation and identification of microorganism-producing textile enzymes
23.3 Production of textile enzymes by bacteria and fungi
23.4 Process aspect optimization for producing microbial textile enzymes
23.4.1 Effect of initial pH medium for the secretion of textile enzymes by microorganisms
23.4.2 Influence of incubation temperature on the production of textile enzymes by microorganisms
23.4.3 Effect of agitation on the secretion of textile enzymes by microorganisms
23.4.4 Influence of inoculum concentration on the production of textile enzymes by microorganisms
23.4.5 Effect of initial time on the secretion of textile enzymes by microorganisms
23.4.6 Influence of carbon sources on the production of textile enzymes by microorganisms
23.4.7 Effect of nitrogen sources on the production of textile enzymes by microorganisms
23.5 Purification strategies of textile enzymes
23.6 Microbial enzymes used in the textile industry
23.6.1 Biodesizing by α-amylases
23.6.2 Bioscouring by pectinases aided by proteases, cutinases, and lipases
23.6.3 Biostone-washing by neutral cellulases
23.6.4 Biobleaching by laccases, catalases, and peroxidases
23.6.5 Biodyeing and printing by pectinases and peroxidases
23.6.6 Biopolishing/biofinishing by acid cellulases
23.6.7 Use of the mixture of microbial enzymes in textile fabric material processing
23.7 Immobilization of textile enzymes
23.8 Genetic engineering of bacteria- and fungi-producing textile enzymes
23.9 Manufacturers of some commercial textile enzymes
23.10 Textile industry effluents’ treatment
23.11 Concluding remarks
References
24. Microbial enzymes in bioremediation
Shivani M. Yagnik, Prashant S. Arya and Vikram H. Raval
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Robust microbes/superbugs in bioremediation
24.2.1 Xenobiotic and persistent compounds
24.2.2 Robust microbes and their application in bioremediation
24.2.3 Metabolic pathway engineering for high-speed bioremediation
24.3 Role of microbial enzymes
24.3.1 Dye degradation
24.3.2 Remediation of hydrocarbon and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene compounds
24.3.3 Heavy metal remediation
24.3.4 Pesticide degradation
24.4 Remedial applications for industries
24.4.1 Designing and developing environmental biosensor
24.4.2 Immobilization and bioengineering
24.4.3 Biotransformation and bioleaching
24.5 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
25. The role of microbes and enzymes for bioelectricity generation: a belief toward global sustainability
Lakshana Nair G, Komal Agrawal and Pradeep Verma
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Bioresources: biorefinery
25.3 Hydrolytic enzymes and their applications in various sectors
25.3.1 Ligninolytic enzymes
25.3.2 Laccases
25.3.3 Cellulases
25.3.4 Xylanases
25.3.5 Amylases
25.3.6 Pectinases
25.3.7 Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases
25.3.8 Lipases
25.4 Bioelectricity and microbial electrochemical system
25.4.1 Working of the microbial fuel cell
25.4.2 Use of wastes for electricity generation
25.4.3 Hydrolytic enzymes in microbial fuel cell
25.5 Limitations and their possible solutions in biorefinery and bioelectricity generation
25.6 Prospects
25.7 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
26. Discovery of untapped nonculturable microbes for exploring novel industrial enzymes based on advanced next-generation metagenomic approach
Shivangi Mudaliar, Bikash Kumar, Komal Agrawal and Pradeep Verma
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Need for nonculturable microbe study
26.3 Problems associated with nonculturable microbial studies
26.3.1 Relationship with coexisting microbes
26.4 Culture-independent molecular-based methods
26.4.1 Isolation of sample DNA
26.4.2 Metagenomic library construction
26.4.3 Metagenomics
26.4.4 Metatranscriptomics
26.4.5 Metaproteomic
26.5 Different approaches for metagenomic analysis of unculturable microbes
26.5.1 Sequence-based screening
26.5.2 Function-based screening
26.6 Next-generation sequencing and metagenomics
26.6.1 Benefits of metagenomic next-generation sequencing
26.7 Application of unculturable microbes and significance of next-generation metagenomic approaches
26.7.1 Agricultural applications
26.7.2 Clinical diagnosis
26.7.3 Xenobiotic degradation
26.7.4 Industrial applications
26.7.5 Bioeconomy
26.8 Concluding remarks
Conflict of interest
Abbreviations
References
Index
Goutam Brahmachari
1.1 Introduction
1.2 An overview of the book
1.2.1 Chapter 2
1.2.2 Chapter 3
1.2.3 Chapter 4
1.2.4 Chapter 5
1.2.5 Chapter 6
1.2.6 Chapter 7
1.2.7 Chapter 8
1.2.8 Chapter 9
1.2.9 Chapter 10
1.2.10 Chapter 11
1.2.11 Chapter 12
1.2.12 Chapter 13
1.2.13 Chapter 14
1.2.14 Chapter 15
1.2.15 Chapter 16
1.2.16 Chapter 17
1.2.17 Chapter 18
1.2.18 Chapter 19
1.2.19 Chapter 20
1.2.20 Chapter 21
1.2.21 Chapter 22
1.2.22 Chapter 23
1.2.23 Chapter 24
1.2.24 Chapter 25
1.2.25 Chapter 26
1.3 Concluding remarks
2. Useful microbial enzymes—an introduction
Beatriz Ruiz-Villafa´n, Romina Rodrı´guez-Sanoja and Sergio Sa´nchez
2.1 The enzymes: a class of useful biomolecules
2.2 Microbial enzymes for industry
2.3 Improvement of enzymes
2.4 Discovery of new enzymes
2.5 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
References
3. Production, purification, and application of microbial enzymes
Anil Kumar Patel, Cheng-Di Dong, Chiu-Wen Chen, Ashok Pandey and Reeta Rani Singhania
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Production of microbial enzymes
3.2.1 Enzyme production in industries
3.2.2 Industrial enzyme production technology
3.3 Strain improvements
3.3.1 Mutation
3.3.2 Recombinant DNA technology
3.3.3 Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas9 technology
3.3.4 Protein engineering
3.4 Downstream processing/enzyme purification
3.5 Product formulations
3.6 Global enzyme market scenarios
3.7 Industrial applications of enzymes
3.7.1 Food industry
3.7.2 Textile industry
3.7.3 Detergent industry
3.7.4 Pulp and paper industry
3.7.5 Animal feed industry
3.7.6 Leather industry
3.7.7 Biofuel from biomass
3.7.8 Enzyme applications in the chemistry and pharma sectors
3.8 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
4. Solid-state fermentation for the production of microbial cellulases
Sudhanshu S. Behera, Ankush Kerketta and Ramesh C. Ray
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Solid-state fermentation
4.2.1 Comparative aspects of solid-state and submerged fermentations
4.2.2 Cellulase-producing microorganisms in solid-state fermentation
4.2.3 Extraction of microbial cellulase in solid-state fermentation
4.2.4 Measurement of cellulase activity in solid-state fermentation
4.3 Lignocellulosic residues/wastes as solid substrates in solid-state fermentation
4.4 Pretreatment of agricultural residues
4.4.1 Physical pretreatments
4.4.2 Physiochemical pretreatment
4.4.3 Chemical pretreatments
4.4.4 Biological pretreatment
4.5 Environmental factors affecting microbial cellulase production in solid-state fermentation
4.5.1 Water activity/moisture content
4.5.2 Temperature
4.5.3 Mass transfer processes: aeration and nutrient diffusion
4.5.4 Substrate particle size
4.5.5 Other factors
4.6 Strategies to improve production of microbial cellulase
4.6.1 Metabolic engineering and strain improvement
4.6.2 Recombinant strategy (heterologous cellulase expression)
4.6.3 Mixed-culture (coculture) systems
4.7 Fermenter (bioreactor) design for cellulase production in solid-state fermentation
4.7.1 Tray bioreactor
4.7.2 Packed bed reactor
4.7.3 Rotary drum bioreactor
4.7.4 Fluidized bed reactor
4.8 Biomass conversions and application of microbial cellulase
4.8.1 Textile industry
4.8.2 Laundry and detergent
4.8.3 Paper and pulp industry
4.8.4 Bioethanol and biofuel production
4.8.5 Food industry
4.8.6 Agriculture
4.9 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
5. Hyperthermophilic subtilisin-like proteases from Thermococcus kodakarensis
Ryo Uehara, Hiroshi Amesaka, Yuichi Koga, Kazufumi Takano, Shigenori Kanaya and Shun-ichi Tanaka
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Two Subtilisin-like proteases from Thermococcus Kodakarensis KOD1
5.3 TK-subtilisin
5.3.1 Ca21-dependent maturation of Tk-subtilisin
5.3.2 Crystal structures of Tk-subtilisin
5.3.3 Requirement of Ca21-binding loop for folding
5.3.4 Ca21 ion requirements for hyperstability
5.3.5 Role of Tkpro
5.3.6 Role of the insertion sequences
5.3.7 Cold-adapted maturation through Tkpro engineering
5.3.8 Degradation of PrPSc by Tk-subtilisin
5.3.9 Tk-subtilisin pulse proteolysis experiments
5.4 Tk-SP
5.4.1 Maturation of Pro-Tk-SP
5.4.2 Crystal structure of Pro-S359A
5.4.3 Role of proN
5.4.4 Role of the C-domain
5.4.5 PrPSc degradation by Tk-SP
5.5 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
References
6. Enzymes from basidiomycetes—peculiar and efficient tools for biotechnology
Thaı´s Marques Uber, Emanueli Backes, Vinı´cius Mateus Salvatore Saute, Bruna Polacchine da Silva, Rubia Carvalho Gomes Correˆ a, Camila Gabriel Kato, Fla´vio Augusto Vicente Seixas, Adelar Bracht and Rosane Marina Peralta
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Brown- and white-rot fungi
6.3 Isolation and laboratory maintenance of wood-rot basidiomycetes
6.4 Basidiomycetes as producers of enzymes involved in the degradation of lignocellulose biomass
6.4.1 Enzymes involved in the degradation of cellulose and hemicelluloses
6.4.2 Enzymes involved in lignin degradation
6.5 Production of ligninolytic enzymes by basidiomycetes: screening and production in laboratory scale
6.6 General characteristics of the main ligninolytic enzymes with potential biotechnological applications
6.6.1 Laccases
6.6.2 Peroxidases
6.7 Industrial and biotechnological applications of ligninolytic enzymes from basidiomycetes
6.7.1 Application of ligninolytic enzymes in delignification of vegetal biomass and biological detoxification for biofuel production
6.7.2 Application of ligninolytic enzymes in the degradation of xenobiotic compounds
6.7.3 Application of ligninolytic enzymes in the degradation of textile dyes
6.7.4 Application of ligninolytic enzymes in pulp and paper industry
6.8 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
References
7. Metagenomics and new enzymes for the bioeconomy to 2030
Patricia Molina-Espeja, Cristina Coscolı´n, Peter N. Golyshin and Manuel Ferrer
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Metagenomics
7.3 Activity-based methods for enzyme search in metagenomes
7.4 Computers applied to metagenomic enzyme search
7.5 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
8. Enzymatic biosynthesis of β-lactam antibiotics
Swati Srivastava, Reeta Bhati and Rajni Singh
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of β-lactam antibiotics
8.2.1 Isopenicillin N synthase
8.2.2 β-Lactam synthetase
8.2.3 Carbapenam synthetase (Cps)
8.2.4 Tabtoxinine β-lactam synthetase (Tbl S)
8.2.5 Deacetoxycephalosporin C synthase and deacetylcephalosporin C synthase
8.2.6 Clavaminic acid synthase
8.2.7 Nonribosomal peptide synthetases
8.3 Semisynthetic β-lactam derivatives
8.4 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
9. Insights into the molecular mechanisms of β-lactam antibiotic synthesizing and modifying enzymes in fungi
Juan F. Martı´n, Carlos Garcı´a-Estrada and Paloma Liras
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Penicillin and cephalosporin biosynthesis: a brief overview
9.1.2 Genes involved in penicillin and cephalosporin biosynthesis
9.2 ACV synthetase
9.2.1 The ACV assembly line
9.2.2 The cleavage function of the integrated thioesterase domain
9.3 Isopenicillin N synthase
9.3.1 Binding and lack of cyclization of the LLL-ACV
9.3.2 The iron-containing active center
9.3.3 The crystal structure of isopenicillin N synthase
9.3.4 Recent advances in the cyclization mechanism
9.4 Acyl-CoA ligases: a wealth of acyl-CoA ligases activate penicillin side-chain precursors
9.5 Isopenicillin N acyltransferase (IAT)
9.5.1 Posttranslational maturation of the IAT
9.5.2 The IPN/6-APA/PenG substrate-binding pocket
9.5.3 A transient acyl-IAT intermediate
9.5.4 The origin of IAT: an homologous AT in many fungal genomes
9.6 Transport of intermediates and penicillin secretion
9.6.1 Transport of isopenicillin N into peroxisomes
9.6.2 IAT is easily accessible to external 6-APA
9.6.3 Intracellular traffic of intermediates and secretion of penicillins
9.7 Production of semisynthetic penicillins by penicillin acylases
9.7.1 Molecular mechanisms of penicillin acylases
9.7.2 Novel developments in industrial applications of penicillin acylases
9.8 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
10. Role of glycosyltransferases in the biosynthesis of antibiotics
Pankaj Kumar, Sanju Singh, Vishal A. Ghadge, Harshal Sahastrabudhe, Meena R. Rathod and Pramod B. Shinde
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Classification and structural insights of glycosyltransferases
10.3 Role of glycosylation in enhancing bioactivity
10.3.1 Vancomycin
10.3.2 Tiacumicin B
10.3.3 Amycolatopsins
10.3.4 Digitoxin
10.3.5 Aminoglycosides
10.4 Engineering biosynthetic pathway of antibiotics by altering glycosyltransferases
10.4.1 Combinatorial biosynthesis
10.4.2 Glycorandomization
10.5 Identification of glycosyltransferases and glycosylated molecules using bioinformatics
10.6 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
11. Relevance of microbial glucokinases
Beatriz Ruiz-Villafa´n, Diana Rocha, Alba Romero and Sergio Sa´nchez
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Synthesis, biochemical properties, and regulation
11.3 Structure
11.4 Catalytic mechanism
11.5 Production
11.6 Potential applications in industrial processes
11.7 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
12. Myctobacterium tuberculosis DapA as a target for antitubercular drug design
Ayushi Sharma, Ashok Kumar Nadda and Rahul Shrivastava
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Tuberculosis: global epidemiology
12.2 Challenges encountered by the scientific communities
12.3 MTB cell wall: a source of drug targets
12.3.1 Targeting MTB cell wall enzymes
12.4 The diaminopimelate (DAP) pathway (lysine synthesis pathway)
12.5 Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DapA)
12.5.1 Structure of MTB DapA
12.5.2 Action mechanism of MTB DapA
12.5.3 Active site of MTB DapA
12.5.4 Kinetic parameters of MTB DapA
12.5.5 Regulation of MTB DapA activity
12.5.6 Inhibitors against MTB DapA
12.6 Previous experiments targeting MTB Dap pathway enzymes
12.7 Significance of inhibitors against MTB Dap pathway enzymes
12.8 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgment
Abbreviations
References
13. Lipase-catalyzed organic transformations: a recent update
Goutam Brahmachari
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Chemoenzymatic applications of lipases in organic transformations: a recent update
13.3 Concluding remarks
References
14. Tyrosinase and Oxygenases: Fundamentals and Applications
Shagun Sharma, Kanishk Bhatt, Rahul Shrivastava and Ashok Kumar Nadda
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Origin and Sources
14.2.1 Tyrosinase
14.2.2 Oxygenase
14.3 Molecular Structure of Tyrosinase and Oxygenase
14.3.1 Molecular structure of Tyrosinase
14.3.2 Oxygenase
14.4 Mechanism of Catalytic Action
14.4.1 Tyrosinase: mechanism of the reaction
14.4.2 Oxygenase
14.5 Applications of Tyrosinase and Oxygenase
14.5.1 Biological applications
14.5.2 Applications in food industry
14.5.3 Applications in bioremediation
14.5.4 Medicinal applications
14.5.5 Industrial applications
14.6 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgement
Abbreviations
References
15. Application of microbial enzymes as drugs in human therapy and healthcare
Miguel Arroyo, Isabel de la Mata, Carlos Barreiro, Jose´ Luis Garcı´a and Jose´ Luis Barredo
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Manufacture of therapeutic enzymes
15.2.1 Production and purification
15.2.2 Preparation of “single-enzyme nanoparticles: SENization
15.2.3 Oral enzyme therapy
15.3 Examples of microbial enzymes aimed at human therapy and healthcare
15.3.1 “Clot buster microbial enzymes
15.3.2 Microbial enzymes as digestive aids
15.3.3 Microbial enzymes for the treatment of congenital diseases
15.3.4 Microbial enzymes for the treatment of infectious diseases: enzybiotics
15.3.5 Microbial enzymes for burn debridement and fibroproliferative diseases: collagenase
15.3.6 Enzymes for the treatment of cancer
15.3.7 Other enzymes for the treatment of other health disorders
15.4 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
16. Microbial enzymes in pharmaceutical industry
Nidhi Y. Patel, Dhritiksha M. Baria, Dimple S. Pardhi, Shivani M. Yagnik, Rakeshkumar R. Panchal, Kiransinh N. Rajput and Vikram H. Raval
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Cataloging of hydrolases used in pharmaceutical industry
16.3 Microbial enzymes in pharmaceutical processes
16.3.1 Therapeutics
16.3.2 Antiinflammatory
16.3.3 Enzybiotics
16.4 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
17. Microbial enzymes of use in industry
Xiangyang Liu and Chandrakant Kokare
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Classification and chemical nature of microbial enzymes
17.2.1 Amylases
17.2.2 Catalases
17.2.3 Cellulases
17.2.4 Lipases
17.2.5 Pectinases
17.2.6 Proteases
17.2.7 Xylanases
17.2.8 Other enzymes
17.3 Production of microbial enzymes
17.3.1 Fermentation methods
17.3.2 Purification methods
17.4 Applications of microbial enzymes
17.4.1 Plastic/polymer biodegradation
17.4.2 Food and beverage
17.4.3 Detergents
17.4.4 Removal of pollutants
17.4.5 Textiles
17.4.6 Animal feed
17.4.7 Ethanol production
17.4.8 Other applications
17.5 Future of microbial enzymes
17.6 Concluding remarks
References
18. Microbial enzymes used in food industry
Pedro Fernandes and Filipe Carvalho
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 A global perspective on the use of enzymes in the food industry
18.1.2 Identification/improvement of the right biocatalyst
18.1.3 Enzyme sources and safety issues
18.2 Microbial enzymes in food industry
18.2.1 Production of enzymes for food processing
18.2.2 Formulation of enzymes for use in food processing
18.2.3 Granulation of enzymes
18.2.4 Tablets
18.2.5 Immobilization
18.2.6 Applications in food industries
18.3 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
19. Carbohydrases: a class of all-pervasive industrial biocatalysts
Archana S. Rao, Ajay Nair, Hima A. Salu, K.R. Pooja, Nandini Amrutha Nandyal, Venkatesh S. Joshi, Veena S. More, Niyonzima Francois, K.S. Anantharaju and Sunil S. More
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Classification of carbohydrases
19.2.1 Glycosidases
19.2.2 Glycosyltransferase
19.2.3 Glycosyl phosphorylases
19.2.4 Polysaccharide lyases
19.2.5 Carbohydrate esterases
19.3 Sources
19.3.1 Marine microorganisms
19.3.2 Rumen bacteria
19.3.3 Genetically modified organisms
19.3.4 Fungi and yeasts
19.4 Industrial production of carbohydrase
19.4.1 Enzyme immobilization
19.5 Industrial applications of carbohydrases
19.5.1 Enzymes involved in the production of beverages
19.5.2 Enzymes involved in the production of prebiotics
19.5.3 Enzymes involved in syrup and isomaltulose production
19.5.4 Enzymes in dairy industry
19.5.5 Carbohydrases in animal feed production
19.5.6 Carbohydrase application in pharmaceutical industries
19.5.7 Carbohydrases involved in detergent
19.5.8 Carbohydrases in wastewater treatment
19.5.9 Agriculture
19.5.10 Enzymes in textile industry
19.5.11 Carbohydrases involved in biofuel production
19.5.12 Carbohydrases involved in paper industry
19.6 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
20. Role of microbial enzymes in agricultural industry
Prashant S. Arya, Shivani M. Yagnik and Vikram H. Raval
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Soil and soil bacteria for agriculture
20.3 Microbial enzymes
20.3.1 Nitro-reductase
20.3.2 Hydrolases
20.3.3 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase
20.3.4 Phosphate-solubilizing enzymes
20.3.5 Sulfur-oxidizing and reducing enzymes
20.3.6 Oxidoreductases
20.3.7 Zinc-solubilizing enzymes
20.4 Microbial enzymes for crop health, soil fertility, and allied agro-industries
20.4.1 Crop health (assessment via biocontrol agents)
20.4.2 Soil fertility (indicator enzymes)
20.4.3 Allied agro-industrial applications
20.5 Agricultural enzyme market
20.6 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
21. Opportunities and challenges for the production of fuels and chemicals: materials and processes for biorefineries
Carolina Reis Guimara˜ es, Ayla Sant’Ana da Silva, Daniel Oluwagbotemi Fasheun, Denise M.G. Freire, Elba P.S. Bon, Erika Cristina G. Aguieiras, Jaqueline Greco Duarte, Marcella Fernandes de Souza, Mariana de Oliveira Faber, Marina Cristina Tomasini, Roberta Pereira Espinheira, Ronaldo Rodrigues de Sousa, Ricardo Sposina Sobral Teixeira and Viridiana S. Ferreira-Leita˜o
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Brazilian current production and processing of lignocellulosic sugarcane biomass
21.2.1 Cellulosic ethanol: worldwide production and feedstock description
21.2.2 Lignocellulosic biomass components and biomass-degrading enzymes
21.2.3 Perspectives and difficulties of cellulosic ethanol production
21.2.4 Enzyme-based initiatives for ethanol production at commercial scale
21.2.5 Perspectives on the use of microalgae as sources of fermentable sugars
21.3 Technical and economic prospects of using lipases in biodiesel production
21.3.1 Current biodiesel production and perspectives
21.3.2 Biocatalytic production of biodiesel
21.3.3 Feedstocks used for biodiesel production
21.3.4 Enzymatic routes for biodiesel production
21.3.5 Enzymatic biodiesel: state of the art
21.3.6 Perspectives for enzymatic biodiesel production
21.4 Perspectives on biomass processing for composites and chemicals production
21.5 Biogas/biomethane production
21.5.1 Enzymes applied to improve anaerobic digestion
21.5.2 Generation and use of biogas/biomethane in Brazil
21.5.3 Hydrogen production
21.5.4 Sequential production of hydrogen and methane
21.6 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
22. Use of lipases for the production of biofuels
Thais de Andrade Silva, Julio Pansiere Zavarise, Igor Carvalho Fontes Sampaio, Laura Marina Pinotti, Servio Tulio Alves Cassini and Jairo Pinto de Oliveira
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Lipases
22.2.1 Immobilization of lipases
22.2.2 Immobilization methods and supports
22.3 Feedstocks
22.3.1 Vegetable oils
22.3.2 Animal fats
22.3.3 Oily waste
22.3.4 Microalgae oil and biomass
22.4 Catalytic process
22.4.1 Effect of temperature
22.4.2 Effect of water content
22.4.3 Effect of acyl acceptor
22.4.4 Effect of solvent
22.4.5 Effect of molar ratio
22.5 Reactors and industrial processes
22.6 Concluding remarks
References
23. Microbial enzymes used in textile industry
Francois N. Niyonzima, Veena S. More, Florien Nsanganwimana, Archana S. Rao, Ajay Nair, K.S. Anantharaju and Sunil S. More
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Isolation and identification of microorganism-producing textile enzymes
23.3 Production of textile enzymes by bacteria and fungi
23.4 Process aspect optimization for producing microbial textile enzymes
23.4.1 Effect of initial pH medium for the secretion of textile enzymes by microorganisms
23.4.2 Influence of incubation temperature on the production of textile enzymes by microorganisms
23.4.3 Effect of agitation on the secretion of textile enzymes by microorganisms
23.4.4 Influence of inoculum concentration on the production of textile enzymes by microorganisms
23.4.5 Effect of initial time on the secretion of textile enzymes by microorganisms
23.4.6 Influence of carbon sources on the production of textile enzymes by microorganisms
23.4.7 Effect of nitrogen sources on the production of textile enzymes by microorganisms
23.5 Purification strategies of textile enzymes
23.6 Microbial enzymes used in the textile industry
23.6.1 Biodesizing by α-amylases
23.6.2 Bioscouring by pectinases aided by proteases, cutinases, and lipases
23.6.3 Biostone-washing by neutral cellulases
23.6.4 Biobleaching by laccases, catalases, and peroxidases
23.6.5 Biodyeing and printing by pectinases and peroxidases
23.6.6 Biopolishing/biofinishing by acid cellulases
23.6.7 Use of the mixture of microbial enzymes in textile fabric material processing
23.7 Immobilization of textile enzymes
23.8 Genetic engineering of bacteria- and fungi-producing textile enzymes
23.9 Manufacturers of some commercial textile enzymes
23.10 Textile industry effluents’ treatment
23.11 Concluding remarks
References
24. Microbial enzymes in bioremediation
Shivani M. Yagnik, Prashant S. Arya and Vikram H. Raval
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Robust microbes/superbugs in bioremediation
24.2.1 Xenobiotic and persistent compounds
24.2.2 Robust microbes and their application in bioremediation
24.2.3 Metabolic pathway engineering for high-speed bioremediation
24.3 Role of microbial enzymes
24.3.1 Dye degradation
24.3.2 Remediation of hydrocarbon and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene compounds
24.3.3 Heavy metal remediation
24.3.4 Pesticide degradation
24.4 Remedial applications for industries
24.4.1 Designing and developing environmental biosensor
24.4.2 Immobilization and bioengineering
24.4.3 Biotransformation and bioleaching
24.5 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
25. The role of microbes and enzymes for bioelectricity generation: a belief toward global sustainability
Lakshana Nair G, Komal Agrawal and Pradeep Verma
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Bioresources: biorefinery
25.3 Hydrolytic enzymes and their applications in various sectors
25.3.1 Ligninolytic enzymes
25.3.2 Laccases
25.3.3 Cellulases
25.3.4 Xylanases
25.3.5 Amylases
25.3.6 Pectinases
25.3.7 Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases
25.3.8 Lipases
25.4 Bioelectricity and microbial electrochemical system
25.4.1 Working of the microbial fuel cell
25.4.2 Use of wastes for electricity generation
25.4.3 Hydrolytic enzymes in microbial fuel cell
25.5 Limitations and their possible solutions in biorefinery and bioelectricity generation
25.6 Prospects
25.7 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
26. Discovery of untapped nonculturable microbes for exploring novel industrial enzymes based on advanced next-generation metagenomic approach
Shivangi Mudaliar, Bikash Kumar, Komal Agrawal and Pradeep Verma
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Need for nonculturable microbe study
26.3 Problems associated with nonculturable microbial studies
26.3.1 Relationship with coexisting microbes
26.4 Culture-independent molecular-based methods
26.4.1 Isolation of sample DNA
26.4.2 Metagenomic library construction
26.4.3 Metagenomics
26.4.4 Metatranscriptomics
26.4.5 Metaproteomic
26.5 Different approaches for metagenomic analysis of unculturable microbes
26.5.1 Sequence-based screening
26.5.2 Function-based screening
26.6 Next-generation sequencing and metagenomics
26.6.1 Benefits of metagenomic next-generation sequencing
26.7 Application of unculturable microbes and significance of next-generation metagenomic approaches
26.7.1 Agricultural applications
26.7.2 Clinical diagnosis
26.7.3 Xenobiotic degradation
26.7.4 Industrial applications
26.7.5 Bioeconomy
26.8 Concluding remarks
Conflict of interest
Abbreviations
References
Index