The birth of Islam in the seventh century of the Christian era from the teachings of Muhammad, constitutes a decisive historical event that brought about a new monotheism and a brilliant civilization. Islam establishes the belief in a single God (Allah) and the unity of the community of believers (Ummah). The Koran is the sacred book of the Muslims. After the death of Muhammad and an unprecedented historical territorial expansion, Islam managed to unify heterogeneous societies under one religion, one language, and a common set of administrative and legal institutions. However, the history of Islam has not been immune from internal and external conflicts or religious disagreements. In fact, such fragmentations and tensions have generated unique geopolitical landscapes in different periods and based on changing ideologies. Although the historical, cultural, sociological, and anthropological dimensions have forged a unique and indivisible reality within the religion, Islam cannot be discussed simply as a monolithic religion, but rather as several religions that all claim to be descendants of Muhammad.