In light of the recent cyber-crimes perpetrated against the University of Maryland database, and retailers, Target, Neiman Marcus, Easton-Bell Sports, Michaels and others, this hearing will examine the current state of technology and standards to protect Americans from international cybercriminals. The hearing will also address the evolution of cyber-attacks against the U.S. industry from rogue hackers to sophisticated international crime syndicates and foreign governments, including the origination point of many of these crimes. These recent cyber-crimes against retailers raise concerns about whether and how Payment Card Industry-Data Security Standards were followed, or if these standards are adequate to ward off such cyber-attacks. If the voluntary standards are not sufficient, how might new technologies and processes defend against such cyber-attacks?