Casein, one of the major proteins found in milk sources, can be associated with many health benefits. This book discusses the properties, functions and health implications of casein. Chapter One reviews the scientific evidence around health promoting effects of casein hydrolysates and (bioactive) peptides thereof from an infant nutrition perspective. Chapter Two studies the physicochemical and functional properties of native and trypsin-treated caprine casein micelles. Chapter Three focuses on the molecular characteristics of caseins from equid and from human milk compared also to those of bovine milk. Chapter Four discusses molecular properties of caseins and allergenicity. The last chapter compares and discusses food regulations of different nations with an important winemaking tradition.