This book reviews the chemical and biological properties of Artemisia amygdalina Decne, a critically endangered and endemic plant species in the the high-altitude Kashmir Himalayas, which has a high pharmacological potential. It describes the bioactivity-guided isolation of its chemical compounds, their characterization using spectroscopic methods and the development of a simple and reliable RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous quantification of the isolated constituents. The authors discuss the potential pharmacological activities of A. amygdalina, such as antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, immuno-modulatory and antidiabetic effects, and pave the way for future research.