Anopheles mosquitoes are responsible for involvement in the transmission of human malaria and for its destructive consequences in endemic countries worldwide. In 2010 alone, malaria was the reason for approximately 660,000 deaths. As the study of Anopheles species and populations is an important element for achieving the aim of malaria elimination, a substantial amount of information has been collected over the last century, and together in the last few decades with the advent of new technologies, the acquisition of novel knowledge has accelerated even further. The unique purpose of this book is to present recent compilation on several research, novel concepts, paradigms and innovative approaches for controlling anophelines, using state-of-the-art methodologies and analysis. The content of this book has been compiled from internationally acclaimed experts across 5 continents, covering a rich landscape for the understanding of Anopheles mosquitoes and the genetic diversity and distribution of dominant vector species.