Congo Basin Hydrology, Climate, and Biogeochemistry – A Foundation for the Future: Geophysical Monograph Series

List of Contributors ix Preface xvii 1 Congo Basin Research: Building a Foundation for the Future 1 Raphael M. Tshimanga, Guy D. Moukandi N'kaya, Alain Laraque, Sharon E. Nicholson, Jean-Marie Kileshye Onema, Raymond Lumbuenamo, and Douglas Alsdorf Part I Influences on Rainfall 2 Central African Climate: Advances and Gaps 15 Wilfried Pokam Mba, Derbetini Appolinaire Vondou, and Pierre Honore Kamsu-Tamo 3 The Rainfall and Convective Regime over Equatorial Africa, with Emphasis on the Congo Basin 25 Sharon E. Nicholson 4 Influence of "Slab-Ocean" Parameterization in a Regional Climate Model (RegCM4) over Central Africa 49 François Xavier Mengouna, Derbetini Appolinaire Vondou, Armand Joel Komkoua Mbienda, Thierry C. Fotso-Nguemo, Denis Sonkoué, Zéphirin Yepdo-Djomou, and Pascal M. Igri 5 Understanding the Influence of Climate Variability on Surface Water Hydrology in the Congo Basin 63 Christopher E. Ndehedehe, Vagner G. Ferreira, Augusto Getirana, and Nathan O. Agutu 6 Hydroclimatic Dynamics of Upstream Ubangi River at Mobaye, Central African Republic: Comparative Study of the Role of Savannah and Equatorial Forest 83 Cyriaque-Rufin Nguimalet, Didier Orange, Jean-Pascal Waterendji, and Athanase Yambele 7 Evaluation of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 and 3B43 Products Relative to Synoptic Weather Station Observations over Cameroon 97 Pascal M. Igri, Roméo Stève Tanessong, Derbetini Appolinaire Vondou, Wilfried Pokam Mba, Taguemfo Kammalac Jores, Samuel Kaïssassou, Guy Merlin Guenang, Armand Joel Komkoua Mbienda, and Zéphirin Yepdo-Djomou Part II Variations in Rainfall and Runoff 8 A New Look at Hydrology in the Congo Basin, Based on the Study of Multi-Decadal Time Series 123 Guy D. Moukandi N'kaya, Alain Laraque, Jean-Emmanuel Paturel, Georges Gulemvuga Guzanga, Gil Mahé, and Raphael M. Tshimanga 9 Historical Changes in Rainfall Patterns over the Congo Basin and Impacts on Runoff (1903-2010) 145 Christopher E. Ndehedehe and Nathan O. Agutu 10 Water Budgets and Droughts under Current and Future Conditions in the Congo River Basin 165 Venkataramana Sridhar, Hyunwoo Kang, Syed A. Ali, Gode B. Bola, Raphael M. Tshimanga, and Venkataraman Lakshmi 11 Spatiotemporal Variability of Droughts in the Congo River Basin: The Role of Atmospheric Moisture Transport 187 Rogert Sorí, Milica Stojanovic, Raquel Nieto, Margarida L. R. Liberato, and Luis Gimeno Part III Hydrology and Hydraulics 12 Two Decades of Hydrologic Modeling and Predictions in the Congo River Basin: Progress and Prospect for Future Investigations 207 Raphael M. Tshimanga 13 Sources and Sinks of Water of the Cuvette Centrale Wetlands Using Multiple Remote Sensing Measurements and a Hydrologic Model 237 Ting Yuan, Hyongki Lee, R. Edward Beighley, Hahn Chul Jung, and Raphael M. Tshimanga 14 Investigating the Role of the Cuvette Centrale in the Hydrology of the Congo River Basin 247 Pankyes Datok, Clément Fabre, Sabine Sauvage, Guy D. Moukandi N'kaya, Adrien Paris, Vanessa Dos Santos, Alain Laraque, and José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez 15 Estimation of Bathymetry for Modeling Multi-thread Channel Hydraulics: Application to the Congo River Middle Reach 275 Andrew B. Carr, Mark A. Trigg, Raphael M. Tshimanga, Mark W. Smith, Duncan J. Borman, and Paul D. Bates 16 Reviewing Applications of Remote Sensing Techniques to Hydrologic Research in Sub-Saharan Africa, with a Special Focus on the Congo Basin 295 Guy J.-P. Schumann, Delwyn K. Moller, Louise Croneborg-Jones, and Konstantinos M. Andreadis 17 Spatial Hydrology and Applications in the Congo River Basin 323 Christophe Brachet, Alice Andral, Georges Gulemvuga Guzanga, Blaise-Leandre Tondo, Pierre-Olivier Malaterre, and Sebastien Legrand 18 Monitoring Hydrological Variables from Remote Sensing and Modeling in the Congo River Basin 339 Adrien Paris, Stéphane Calmant, Marielle Gosset, Ayan S. Fleischmann, Taina Sampaio Xavier Conchy, Pierre-André Garambois, Jean-Pierre Bricquet, Fabrice Papa, Raphael M. Tshimanga, Georges Gulemvuga Guzanga, Vinícius Alencar Siqueira, Blaise-Leandre Tondo, Rodrigo Paiva, Joecila Santos da Silva, and Alain Laraque 19 Long-Term Hydrological Variations of the Ogooué River Basin 367 Sakaros Bogning, Fréderic Frappart, Gil Mahé, Fernando Niño, Adrien Paris, Joëlle Sihon, Franck Ghomsi, Fabien Blarel, Jean-Pierre Bricquet, Raphaël Onguene, Jacques Etame, Frédérique Seyler, Marie-Claire Paiz, and Jean-Jacques Braun Part IV Sediments and Carbon 20 Fluvial Carbon Dynamics across the Land to Ocean Continuum of Great Tropical Rivers: the Amazon and Congo 393 Jeffrey E. Richey, Robert G. M. Spencer, Travis W. Drake, and Nicholas D. Ward 21 Measuring Geomorphological Change on the Congo River Using Century-Old Navigation Charts 413 Mark A. Trigg, Andrew B. Carr, Mark W. Smith, and Raphael M. Tshimanga 22 Site Selection, Design, and Implementation of a Sediment Sampling Program on the Kasai River, a Major Tributary of the Congo River 427 Catherine A. Mushi, Preksedis M. Ndomba, Raphael M. Tshimanga, Mark A. Trigg, Jeffrey Neal, Gode B. Bola, Pierre Mulamba Kabuya, Andrew B. Carr, Jules T. Beya, Paul D. Bates, and Felix Mtalo 23 New Measurements of Water Dynamics and Sediment Transport along the Middle Reach of the Congo River and the Kasai Tributary 447 Raphael M. Tshimanga, Mark A. Trigg, Jeffrey Neal, Preksedis M. Ndomba, Denis A. Hughes, Andrew B. Carr, Pierre Mulamba Kabuya, Gode B. Bola, Catherine A. Mushi, Jules T. Beya, Felly K. Ngandu, Gabriel M. Mokango, Felix Mtalo, and Paul D. Bates Part V Water Resources 24 Towards a Framework of Catchment Classification for Hydrologic Predictions and Water Resources Management in the Ungauged Basin of the Congo River: An a priori Approach 471 Raphael M. Tshimanga, Gode B. Bola, Pierre Mulamba Kabuya, Landry Nkaba, Jeffrey Neal, Laurence Hawker, Mark A. Trigg, Paul D. Bates, Denis A. Hughes, Alain Laraque, Ross Woods, and Thorsten Wagener 25 The Environmental Issues of the Ubangui Water Transfer Project to Lake Chad 449 Chanel Nzango, Pascal Bartout, Laurent Touchart, and Cyriaque-Rufin Nguimalet 26 Variability Of Lake Chad: What Hydraulic Management Will Preserve Natural Resources? 513 Hadiza Kiari Fougou and Jacques Lemoalle 27 Multi-Return Periods, Flood Hazards, and Risk Assessment in the Congo River Basin 519 Gode B. Bola, Raphael M. Tshimanga, Jeffrey Neal, Laurence Hawker, Mark A. Trigg, Lukanda Mwamba, and Paul D. Bates 28 Putting River Users at the Heart of Hydraulics and Morphology Research in the Congo Basin 541 Mark A. Trigg, Raphael M. Tshimanga, Preksedis M. Ndomba, Felix Mtalo, Denis A. Hughes, Catherine A. Mushi, Gode B. Bola, Pierre Mulamba Kabuya, Andrew B. Carr, Mark Bernhofen, Jeffrey Neal, Jules T. Beya, Felly K. Ngandu, and Paul D. Bates Index 555

Raphael M. Tshimanga, University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Guy D. Moukandi N'kaya, Marien Ngouabi University, Republic of the Congo. Douglas Alsdorf, The Ohio State University, USA.