Critical Thinking: The Art of Argument

Preface. Introduction: How to Use This Book. 1. Critical Thinking and Arguments. What Is Critical Thinking? What Is an Argument? Why Think Critically? Identifying Arguments. Things That Are Not Arguments. Putting Arguments into Standard Form. Diagramming Arguments. Chapter Summary. Guide: Identifying and Standardizing Arguments. 2. What Makes a Good Argument? The Two Characteristics of a Good Argument. True Premises. Proper Form. Relevance. Arguing about Arguments. Some Improper Forms: Fallacies of Relevance. Chapter Summary. Argument Forms Studied in the Chapter. Guide: Identifying, Standardizing, and Evaluating Arguments. 3. Premises and Conclusions. Empirical Premises. Definitional Premises. Premises and Experts. Conclusions. Chapter Summary. 4. Language. Identifying Definitions. Evaluating Definitions. Language and Clarity. Language and Emotion. Chapter Summary. Argument Forms Studied in the Chapter. 5. Propositional Arguments. Identifying Propositional Statements. Evaluating Propositional Arguments. Chapter Summary. Argument Forms Studied in the Chapter. Guide: Identifying, Standardizing, and Evaluating Propositional Arguments. 6. Categorical Arguments. Identifying Categorical Statements. Evaluating Categorical Arguments with One Premise. Evaluating Categorical Arguments with Two Premises. Chapter Summary. Argument Forms Studied in the Chapter. Guide: Identifying, Standardizing, and Evaluating Categorical Arguments. 7. Analogical Arguments. Identifying Analogical Arguments. Evaluating Analogical Arguments. Chapter Summary. Argument Forms Studied in the Chapter. Guide: Identifying, Standardizing, and Evaluating Analogical Arguments. 8. Statistical Arguments. Descriptive Statistics. Identifying Statistical Arguments. Evaluating Statistical Arguments. Statistical Fallacies. Chapter Summary. Argument Forms Studied in the Chapter. Guide: Identifying, Standardizing, and Evaluating Statistical Arguments. 9. Causal Arguments. The Many Meanings of "Cause." Identifying Causal Arguments. Evaluating Causal Arguments. The Scientific Method. Chapter Summary. Argument Forms Studied in the Chapter. Guide: Identifying, Standardizing, and Evaluating Causal Arguments. 10. Moral Arguments. Identifying Moral Arguments. The Nature of Moral Arguments. Evaluating Moral Arguments. Moral Conflict. A Final Thought. Chapter Summary. Argument Forms Studied in the Chapter. Guide: Identifying, Standardizing, and Evaluating Moral Arguments.