Crops are plants that are grown and harvested for food or fodder. Non-food crops are also cultivated in floriculture or horticulture or for industrial purposes. Crop production systems vary from farm to farm, and from region to region, depending on the available resources and limiting constraints of the climate and geography, government policies, and socioeconomic factors. Common crop production methods include monoculture, multiple cropping and intercropping. A particular cropping system may not be suitable to a particular climate, such as multiple cropping would require extensive irrigation in arid and subtropical regions, while annual farming can be productive in areas rich in grasslands or prairies. Crop yields can be increased using various practices such as tillage, nutrient management and water management. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in crop production. The various advancements in crop production methods and technologies are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. This book is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on modern crop production.