Dr. Howes recommends that patients should be counseled against using antioxidant supplements to prevent or treat cancer. Dr. Howes presents 118 human studies showing antioxidant ineffectiveness in cancer treatment and of this, 39 studies show harmful effects. Dr. Howes presents 27 specific human cancer cell types which are shielded by antioxidants in lab studies and 9 similar murine (rodent) studies. There are over 11 million human participants in these studies, covering over 3 decades. Over 26 studies show that the antioxidants increase the risk of cancer development and 2 studies show that the overall mortality of cancer patients taking antioxidants is increased.