How do we know that the cause pursued by a social action is just? Inspired by a re-reading of sociological classics, the book offers a concept of transition from the idea of economic circulation of income and resources to social exchange between status groups and classes along with their underlying ideal values. The author evaluates levels of fairness and rationality in status groups across family, educational, occupational and management institutions against standards of consistency with shared settlement, industry, financial and political class interests. Theories of unfairness and irrationality are offered in terms of misaligned modes of social distribution and exchange. The book concludes with an overview of institutional obstacles to fair exchange and distributive social justice. The problem of objectivity in social science is addressed with a method of sociological deconstruction and reconstruction. It includes a de-objectifying understanding of the classics, their de-subjectifying interpretation, re-subjectifying conceptualization, and re-objectifying modeling.