The techniques and insights of modern social science are applied to early medieval history in this extraordinary work. Professor Duby offers a chronological account of the European economy from its primitive beginnings, through a period when an extensive trading community developed, to an era when circulation of money and urban growth came to overshadow agricultural activities. Drawing on his extensive knowledge of the history of the countryside, particularly the French countryside, he has authoritatively identified the moving forces behind economic behavior and economic growth in the early Middle Ages.