Economic aspects of regional welfare: Income distribution and unemployment: Studies in Applied Regional Science, cartea 9

Content.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Study of welfare aspects in economics.- 1.2. Disparities in regional welfare.- 1.3. Selection of regional welfare elements.- 1.4. Methods.- 1.5. Layout.- 2. Statistical and Related Income Inequality Measures, With No Explicit Specification of a Probability Density- or Welfare-Function.- 2.1. The concept of an inequality measure.- 2.2. Notations.- 2.3. Statistical and other non-welfare-based inequality measures with an unspecified p.d.f..- 2.4. A partial evaluation of statistical and related inequality measures.- Appendix 2A. Elementary definitions.- Appendix 2B. Partial statistical indicators of dispersion.- Appendix 2C. Decomposition formulae.- 3. Explicit Probability Density Functions of Income.- 3.1. The usefulness of an explicit probability density function of income.- 3.2. Alternative approaches and selection criteria for defining a set of p.d.f.s.- 3.3. A direct definition of a skew p.d.f. of income.- 3.4. A definition of a skew p.d.f. of income using transformations.- 3.5. A preliminary evaluation of some p.d.f.s.- 3.7. Aspects of goodness of fit.- 3.8. Concluding remarks.- Appendix 3A. The Pareto distribution.- 4. Income Inequality Measures and Welfare Functions of Income.- 4.1. The use of a welfare function of income.- 4.2. A partial group welfare function of incomes.- 4.3. An additive individualistic welfare approach to income inequality measurement.- 4.4. Non-additivity of individual welfare levels and inequality measurement.- 4.5. An evaluation of the welfare approach.- 5. Inequality Measures with Explicit Statements on Weights and Reference Distribution.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Specification of a target income distribution.- 5.3. Indices of divergence from a target distribution.- 5.4. Relevance of the approach.- 6. Intra-Regional Income Distributions in the Netherlands.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Personal income data for COROP regions.- 6.3. Some location parameters for intra-regional income distributions.- 6.4. Inequality measures for intra-regional income distributions: some general remarks.- 6.5. Statistical and related inequality measures: empirical results.- 6.6. Inequality measures based on a welfare function: empirical results.- 6.7. Selection of a p.d.f. of income: empirical results.- 6.8. Associations between inequality measures: empirical results.- 6.9. Selection of attractive inequality measures.- 6.10. Interpretations of results of inequality measures.- Appendix 6A. Definition of taxable income 1969.- 7. An Exploratory Statistical Analysis of Regional Unemployment.- 7.1. Indicators of unemployment as elements of the regional welfare profile.- 7.2. Unemployment data and concepts.- 7.3. Statistical assumptions.- 7.4. An elementary statistical analysis.- 7.5. Auto-spectral analysis.- 7.6. Cross-spectral analysis.- 7.7. Principal components analysis of the spectral estimates.- 7.8. Evaluation of the results.- 8. Variables Associated with Intra-Regional Income Distributions.- 8.1. An empirical analysis of associated variables.- 8.2. Variables influencing personal incomes.- 8.3. Economic theories to explain personal incomes.- 8.4. Estimation of a relation for the level of regional income.- 8.5. Estimation of a relation for intra-regional income inequality.- 8.6. An attempt to reveal implicit social norms simultaneously.- 8.7. Some final remarks.- Appendix 8A. Data on selected intra-regional variables.- 9. An Explanatory Model of Labour Market and Income Distribution.- 9.1. Integration of welfare elements in a comprehensive framework.- 9.2. Specification of labour market relations.-9.2.1. Demand for labour.- 9.2.2. Labour supply.- 9.2.3. Discrepancies on the labour market.- 9.3. Regional income and its distribution.- 9.4. The availability of data.- 9.5. Some final remarks.