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Educational Psychology: Theory and Practice: International Edition

Autor Robert E. (Edward) Slavin
en Limba Engleză Paperback – 6 mar 2008
This edition continues to have in-depth, practical coverage with a focus on the intentional teacher by presenting up-to-the-minute research that a reflective, intentional teacher can apply. The eighth edition of this popular text from renowned educational psychologist Robert Slavin translates theory into practices that teachers can use in their classrooms with a further inquiry into the concept of intentionality. An “intentional teacher,” according to Slavin, is one who constantly reflects on his or her practice and makes instructional decisions based on a clear conception of how these practices affect students. To help readers become “intentional teachers,” the author offers a set of questions to guide them and models best practices through classroom examples. Firmly rooted in research, up-to-date theory, and classroom-tested applications, Educational Psychology prepares teachers as no other text does. It teaches them to think about how students develop and learn, to make decisions before and during instruction, and to consider what constitutes evidence that their students are learning and succeeding.
This edition includes a new focus on reflection, new cases, sections on brain research, programs for language minority students, technology, No Child Left Behind, and after school and summer school programs. It contains new critiques of assessment and accountability strategies and a substantially updated treatment of programming for students with special needs.
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Specificații

ISBN-13: 9780205638604
ISBN-10: 0205638600
Pagini: 608
Dimensiuni: 216 x 276 mm
Greutate: 1.08 kg
Ediția:9Nouă
Editura: Pearson Education
Colecția Pearson Education
Locul publicării:Upper Saddle River, United States

Cuprins

Each chapter concludes with “Chapter Summary,” “Key Terms,” and “Self-Assessment: Preparing for Licensure.”
 
1. Educational Psychology:  A Foundation for Teaching.
 
What Makes a Good Teacher?
      Knowing the Subject Matters (but So Does Teaching Skill)
      Mastering the Teaching Skills
      Can Good Teaching Be Taught?
      The Intentional Teacher
      Personal Reflection:  Adapting
What Is the Role of Research in Educational Psychology?
      The Goal of Research in Educational Psychology
      The Value of Research in Educational Psychology to the Teacher
      Teaching as Decision Making
      Theory into Practice:  Teaching as Decision Making
      Research + Common Sense = Effective Teaching
      Research on Effective Programs
      Impact of Research on Educational Practice
      Theory into Practice:  How to Be an Intelligent Consumer of Educational Psychology Research
What Research Methods Are Used in Educational Psychology?
      Experiments
      Correlational Studies
      Descriptive Research
      Personal Reflection:  Using Research to Inform Teaching
      Action Research
How Can I Become an Intentional Teacher?
      Teacher Certification
      Beyond Certification
      The Intentional Teacher:  Choosing a New Curriculum
 
2. Theories of Development.
 
What Are Some Views of Human Development?
      Aspects of Development
      Issues of Development
How Did Piaget View Cognitive Development?
      How Development Occurs
      Piaget's Stages of Development
      Personal Reflection:  Egocentrism in Action
How Is Piaget's Work Viewed Today?
      Criticisms and Revisions of Piaget's Theory
      Theory into Practice:  Educational Implications of Piaget’s Theory
      Neo-Piagetian and Information-Processing Views of Development
How Did Vygotsky View Cognitive Development?
      How Development Occurs
      Applications of Vygotskian Theory in Teaching
      Theory into Practice:  Classroom Applications of Vygotsky’s Theory
How Did Erikson View Personal and Social Development?
      Stages of Psychosocial Development
      Implications and Criticisms of Erikson's Theory
What Are Some Theories of Moral Development?
      Piaget's Theory of Moral Development
      Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning
      Theory into Practice:  Fostering Moral Development in the Classroom
      Criticisms of Kohlberg's Theory
      Personal Reflection: Developing Character
      Teaching Dilemma: Using Moral Reasoning

      The Intentional Teacher:  Using What You Know About Human Development to Improve Teaching and Learning
 
3. Development during Childhood and Adolescence.
 
How Do Children Develop During the Preschool Years?
Physical Development in Early Childhood
Language Acquisition
Personal Reflection: Understanding Development
Teaching Dilemma: Adapting Instruction
Theory into Practice:  Promoting Language Development in Young Children
Socioemotional Development
What Kinds of Early Childhood Education Programs Exist?
Day-Care Programs
Preschools
Compensatory Preschool Programs
Early Intervention
Kindergarten Programs
Developmentally Appropriate Practice
How Do Children Develop During the Elementary Years?
Physical Development during Middle Childhood
Cognitive Abilities
Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood
Theory into Practice:  Promoting the Development of Self-Esteem
Theory into Practice:  Helping Children Develop Social Skills
How Do Children Develop During the Middle School and High School Years?
Physical Development during Adolescence
Cognitive Development
Characteristics of Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning
Theory Into Practice: Promoting Formal Operational Thought
Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
Identity Development
Personal Reflection: Coping with Change
James Marcia's Four Identity Statuses
Self-Concept and Self-Esteem
Social Relationships
Emotional Development
Problems of Adolescence
Theory into Practice:  Providing Developmental Assets for Adolescents
The Intentional Teacher:  Using What You Know About Early Childhood, Middle Childhood, and Adolescent Students to Promote Teaching and Learning
 
4. Student Diversity.
 
What Is the Impact of Culture on Teaching and Learning?
How Does Socioeconomic Status Affect Student Achievement?
The Role of Child-Rearing Practices
The Link between Income and Summer Learning
The Role of Schools As Middle-Class Institutions
School and Community Factors
School, Family, and Community Partnerships
Theory Into Practice: Parent Involvement
Is the Low Achievement of Children from Low-Income Groups Inevitable?
Implications for Teachers
How Do Ethnicity and Race Affect Students' School Experiences?
Racial and Ethnic Composition of the United States
Academic Achievement of Minority-Group Students
Why Have Minority-Group Students Lagged in Achievement?
Teaching Dilemma:  Meeting Resistance
Effects of School Desegregation
Personal Reflection: Being Sensitive to Race
Theory into Practice:  Teaching in a Culturally Diverse School
How Do Language Differences and Bilingual Programs Affect Student Achievement?
      Bilingual Education
Theory into Practice:  Teaching English Language Learners
What Is Multicultural Education?
      Dimensions of Multicultural Education
How Do Gender and Gender Bias Affect Students' School Experiences?
Do Males and Females Think and Learn Differently?
Sex-Role Stereotyping and Gender Bias
Theory into Practice:  Avoiding Gender Bias in Teaching
How Do Students Differ in Intelligence and Learning Styles?
Definitions of Intelligence
Theory into Practice:  Multiple Intelligences
Origins of Intelligence
Theories of Learning Styles
Aptitude-Treatment Interactions
Personal Reflection: Understanding Diverse Thinkers
The Intentional Teacher:  Using What You Know About Student Diversity to Improve Teaching and Learning
 
5. Behavioral and Social Theories of Learning.
 
What Is Learning?
What Behavioral Learning Theories Have Evolved?
      Pavlov: Classical Conditioning
      Thorndike: The Law of Effect
      Skinner: Operant Conditioning
What Are Some Principles of Behavioral Learning?
      The Role of Consequences
      Reinforcers
      Theory into Practice:  Classroom Uses of Reinforcement
      Intrinsic and Extrinsic Reinforcers
      Theory into Practice:  Practical Reinforcers
      Punishers
      Immediacy of Consequences
      Personal Reflection:  Modifying Behavior
      Shaping
      Extinction
      Schedules of Reinforcement
      Teaching Dilemma:  Dealing with Behavior Problems
      Maintenance
      The Role of Antecedents
How Has Social Learning Theory Contributed to Our Understanding of Human Learning?
      Bandura: Modeling and Observational Learning
      Theory into Practice:  Observational Learning
      Meichenbaum's Model of Self-Regulated Learning
      Personal Reflection:  Using Different Styles
      Strengths and Limitations of Behavioral Learning Theories
      The Intentional Teacher:  Using What You Know About Behavioral and Social Theories of Learning to Improve Teaching and Learning
 
6. Cognitive Theories of Learning.
 
What Is an Information-Processing Model?
      Sensory Register
      Short-Term or Working Memory
      Long-Term Memory
      Factors That Enhance Long-Term Memory
      Other Information-Processing Models
      Research on the Brain
What Causes People to Remember or Forget?
      Forgetting and Remembering
      Theory into Practice:  Reducing Retroactive Inhibition
      Practice
How Can Memory Strategies Be Taught?
      Verbal Learning
      Paired-Associate Learning
      Theory Into Practice:  Keyword Mnemonics
      Serial and Free-Recall Learning
What Makes Information Meaningful?
      Rote versus Meaningful Learning
      Schema Theory
      Teaching Dilemma:  Differing Approaches
How Do Metacognitive Skills Help Students Learn?
What Study Strategies Help Students Learn?
      Note-Taking
      Underlining
      Summarizing
      Outlining and Mapping
      Outlining and Mapping
      The PQ4R Method
      Personal Reflection:  Defining “Effective”
      Theory into Practice:  Teaching the PQ4R Method
How Do Cognitive Teaching Strategies Help Students Learn?
      Making Learning Relevant and Activating Prior Knowledge
      Organizing Information
      The Intentional Teacher:  Using What You Know About Cognitive Theories of Learning to Improve Teaching and Learning
 
7. The Effective Lesson.
 
      Personal Reflection:  Balancing Instruction
What Is Direct Instruction?
How Is a Direct Instruction Lesson Taught?
      State Learning Objectives
      Theory into Practice:  Planning a Lesson
      Orient Students to the Lesson
      Theory into Practice:  Communicating Objectives to Students
      Review Prerequisites
      Present New Material
      Conduct Learning Probes
      Provide Independent Practice
      Assess Performance and Provide Feedback
      Provide Distributed Practice and Review
      Teaching Dilemma:  Designing Lessons
What Does Research on Direct Instruction Methods Suggest?
      Advantages and Limitations of Direct Instruction
How Do Students Learn and Transfer Concepts?
      Concept Learning and Teaching
      Teaching for Transfer of Learning
How Are Discussions Used in Instruction?
      Subjective and Controversial Topics
      Difficult and Novel Concepts
      Affective Objectives
      Whole-Class Discussions
      Small-Group Discussions
      The Intentional Teacher:  Using What You Know About Direct Instruction to Improve Teaching and Learning 
8. Student-Center and Constructivist Approaches to Instruction.
What Is the Constructivist View of Learning?
       Historical Roots of Constructivism
       Top-Down Processing
       Cooperative Learning
       Discovery Learning
       Self-Regulated Learning
      Teaching Dilemma:  Developing Self-Regulating Techniques
      
Scaffolding
       APA’s Learner-Centered Psychological Principles
       Constructivist Methods in the Content Areas
       Theory into Practice:  Introducing Reciprocal Teaching
      
Research on Constructivist Methods
How Is Cooperative Learning Used in Instruction?
       Cooperative Learning Methods
       Theory into Practice:  Student Teams-Achievement Divisions (STAD)
      
Research on Cooperative Learning
       Personal Reflection:  Working Together
How Are Problem-Solving and Thinking Skills Taught?
       The Problem-Solving Process
       Obstacles to Problem Solving
       Teaching Creative Problem Solving
       Teaching Thinking Skills
       Critical Thinking
       The Intentional Teacher: Using What You Know About Student-Centered and Constructivist Approaches to Improve Teaching and Learning
9. Accommodating Instruction to Meet Individual Needs.
 
What Are Elements of Effective Instruction Beyond a Good Lesson?
      Carroll’s Model of School Learning and QAIT
How Are Students Grouped to Accommodate Achievement Differences?
      Between-Class Ability Grouping
      Untracking
      Regrouping for Reading and Mathematics
      Nongraded (Cross-Age Grouping) Elementary Schools
      Within-Class Ability Grouping
What Is Mastery Learning?
      Forms of Mastery Learning
      Theory into Practice:  Applying the Principles of Mastery Learning
      Research on Mastery Learning
What Are Some Ways of Individualizing Instruction?
      Peer Tutoring
      Adult Tutoring
      Theory into Practice:  Effectively Using Tutoring Methods to Meet Individual Needs
How Is Technology Used in Education?
Technology for Instruction
Technology for Learning
      Personal Reflection:  Computers in Education
Technology for Administration
Research on Computer-Based Instruction
Cutting Edge Educational Technologies
      Teaching Dilemma:  Should Computers Be in Labs or Classrooms?
What Educational Programs Exist for Students Placed at Risk?
      Compensatory Education Programs
      No Child Left Behind
      Early Intervention Programs
      After School and Summer Programs
      The Intentional Teacher:  Using What You Know About Accommodating Instruction to Meet Individual Needs
 
10. Motivating Students to Learn.
 
What Is Motivation?
What Are Some Theories of Motivation?
      Motivation and Behavioral Learning Theory
      Motivation and Human Needs
      Motivation and Attribution Theory
      Theory into Practice:  Giving Students Motivating Feedback
      Motivation and Self-Regulated Learning
      Motivation and Expectancy Theory
How Can Achievement Motivation Be Enhanced?
      Motivation and Goal Orientations
      Learned Helplessness and Attribution Training
      Theory into Practice:  Helping Students Overcome Learned Helplessness
      Teacher Expectations and Achievement
      Teaching Dilemma:  Expectations
      Anxiety and Achievement
How Can Teachers Increase Students’ Motivation to Learn?
      Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
      How Can Teachers Enhance Intrinsic Motivation?
      Teaching Dilemma:  Adapting Strategies
      Principles for Providing Extrinsic Incentives to Learn
How Can Teachers Reward Performance, Effort, and Improvement?
      Using Praise Effectively
      Teaching Students to Praise Themselves
      Using Grades As Incentives
      Incentive Systems Based on Goal Structure
      The Intentional Teacher:  Using What You Know About Motivation to Improve Teaching and Learning
 
11. Effective Learning Environments.
 
What Is an Effective Learning Environment?
What Is the Impact of Time on Learning?
      Using Allocated Time for Instruction
      Using Engaged Time Effectively
      Personal Reflection:  Maintaining Control
      Can Time On-Task Be Too High?
      Classroom Management in the Student-Centered Classroom
What Practices Contribute to Effective Classroom Management?
      Starting Out the Year Right
      Setting Class Rules
      Teaching Dilemma:  Rules of the Room
What Are Some Strategies for Managing Routine Misbehavior?
      The Principle of Least Intervention
      Prevention
      Nonverbal Cues
      Praising Behavior That Is Incompatible with Misbehavior
      Praising Other Students
      Verbal Reminders
      Repeated Reminders
      Applying Consequences
How Is Applied Behavior Analysis Used to Manage More Serious Behavior Problems?
      How Student Misbehavior Is Maintained
      Principles of Applied Behavior Analysis
      Applied Behavior Analysis Programs
      Theory into Practice:  Using a Daily Report Card
      Theory into Practice:  Establishing a Group Contingency Program
      Ethics of Behavioral Methods
How Can Serious Behaviors Problems Be Prevented?
      Preventive Programs
      Identifying Causes of Misbehavior
      Enforcing Rules and Practices
      Enforcing School Attendance
      Check and Connect
      Avoiding Tracking
      Practicing Intervention
      Requesting Family Involvement
      Using Peer Mediation
      Judiciously Applying Consequences
      The Intentional Teacher:  Using What You Know About Effective Learning Environments to Improve Teaching and Learning
 
12. Learners with Exceptionalities.
 
Who Are Learners with Exceptionalities?
      “People-First” Language
      Types of Exceptionalities and the Numbers of Student Served
      Students with Mental Retardation
      Theory into Practice:  Teaching Adaptive Behavior Skills
      Student with Learning Disabilities
      Theory into Practice:  Teaching Students with Learning Disabilities
      Students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
      Theory into Practice:  Students with ADHD:  The Role of the Teacher
      Students with Speech or Language Impairments
      Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
      Students with Sensory, Physical, and Health Impairments
      Students Who Are Gifted and Talented
What Is Special Education?
      Public Law 94-142 and IDEA
      An Array of Special Education Services
      Teaching Dilemma:  Referring a Student
      Theory into Practice:  Preparing IEPs
What Are Mainstreaming and Inclusion?
      Research on Inclusion
      Personal Reflection:  The Struggle Over Inclusion
      Adapting Instruction
      Theory into Practice:  Adapting Instruction for Students with Special Needs
      Teaching Learning Strategies and Metacognitive Awareness
      Prevention and Early Intervention
      Computers and Students with Disabilities
      Buddy Systems and Peer Tutoring
      Special-Education Teams
      Teaching Dilemma:  Finding What Works
      Social Integration of Students with Disabilities
      The Intentional Teacher:  Using What You Know About Learners with Exceptionalities to Improve Teaching and Learning
 
13. Assessing and Grading Student Learning.
 
What Are Instructional Objectives and How Are They Used?
      Planning Lesson Objectives
      Theory into Practice:  Planning Courses, Units, and Lessons
      Linking Objectives and Assessment
      Using Taxonomies of Instructional Objectives
      Research on Instructional Objectives
Why Is Evaluation Important?
      Evaluation As Feedback
      Evaluation As Information
      Evaluation As Incentive
How Is Student Learning Evaluated?
      Formative and Summative Evaluations
      Norm-Referenced and Criterion-Referenced Evaluations
      Matching Evaluation Strategies with Goals
How Are Tests Constructed?
      Principles of Achievement Testing
      Theory Into Practice:  Making Assessments Fair
      Using a Table of Specifications
      Writing Selected-Response Test Items
      Theory into Practice:  Writing Multiple-Choice Tests
      Writing Constructed-Response Items
      Writing and Evaluating Essay Tests
      Theory Into Practice:  Detecting Bluffing in Students’ Essays
      Writing and Evaluating Problem-Solving Items
      Theory into Practice:  Peer Evaluations
What Are Portfolio and Performance Assessments?
      Portfolio Assessment
      Theory into Practice:  Using Portfolios in the Classroom
      Performance Assessment
      How Well Do Performance Assessments Work?
      Scoring Rubrics for Performance Assessments
How Are Grades Determined?
      Establishing Grading Criteria
      Assigning Letter Grades
      Teaching Dilemma:  Establishing a Grading System
      Performance Grading
      Other Alternative Grading Systems
      Assigning Report Card Grades
      Personal Reflection:  Assigning Grades
      The Intentional Teacher:  Using What You Know About Assessing and Grading Student Learning to Improve Teaching and Learning
 
14. Standardized Tests.
 
What Are Standardized Tests and How Are They Used?
      Selection and Placement
      Diagnosis
      Evaluation
      School Improvement
      Accountability
      Theory into Practice:  Teaching Test-Taking Skills
      Personal Reflection:  Mixed Messages
What Types of Standardized Tests Are Given?
      Aptitude Tests
      Norm-Referenced Achievement Tests
      Criterion-Referenced Achievement Tests
      Standard Setting
How Are Standardized Tests Interpreted?
      Percentile Scores
      Grade-Equivalent Scores
      Standard Scores
      Theory into Practice:  Interpreting Standardized Test Scores
What Are Some Issues Concerning Standardized and Classroom Testing?
      Test Validity
      Test Reliability
      Test Bias
      Computer Test Administration
      Teaching Dilemma:  Dealing with High-Stakes Testing
      The Intentional Teacher:  Using What You Know About Standardized Tests to Improve Teaching and Learning

Textul de pe ultima copertă

Slavin,   Educational Psychology: Theory and Practice, 9e          (ISBN: 0205592007)
 
The Ninth Edition of this popular text from renowned educational psychologist Robert Slavin translates theory into practices that teachers can use in their classrooms with a further inquiry into the concept of intentionality and a thorough integration of standards.
This edition continues to have in-depth, practical coverage with a focus on the intentional teacher by presenting up-to-the-minute research that a reflective, intentional teacher can apply. An “intentional teacher,” according to Slavin, is one who constantly reflects on his or her practice and makes instructional decisions based on a clear conception of how these practices affect students.
 
New to this edition:
  • Readers will encounter new material on important and emerging topics in the field, including: the accountability movement, benchmark assessments, data-driven reform, the effects of No Child Left Behind, the Achievement Gap--why it isn't closing and how we can help, emerging applications of technology, and the latest research on the neuroscientific underpinnings of psychological development.
  • A MyEducationLab site specifically devoted to this edition of the text provides video and other types of interactive material  tied strongly to key course content that serve as the basis of homework exercises. All online resources are supported by online assessments (results can be printed or automatically transmitted to the professor) and called out in the margins of the text.
  • EdPsychOnline, accessible on MyEducationLab, provides students with the opportunity to create their own blogs devoted to their learning in the course. It also provides links to valuable applications, resources, and articles found on the World Wide Web that serve as activity-based writing prompts so they can write blog posts and read and comment on the blog posts of their classmates.
  • Thoroughly updated citations ensure that the text is grounded in the most current research. More than one third of all citations are from 2000 or later.
 
Here’s what your colleagues are saying about this book:
 
“This text has the best coverage of introduction to research of any educational psychology books I have used…It is an exemplary book packed with information including research, theory, and application. The author has done a marvelous job.”
Dr. Theresa Sullivan Stewart, University of IL, Springfield
 
“I have been a ‘Slavin fan’ for years. My undergraduates’ student evaluations concerning this book have been consistently positive.”
Dr. Susan Frusher, Northeastern State University
 
“This is a highly refined piece of writing.”
Rick Van Sant, Ferris State University

Caracteristici

  • This edition includes activities that link every chapter to resources in a book specific MyEducationLab, as well as new weblinks to continue application of the material outside of the classroom. 
  • An emphasis on intentional and reflective teaching helps teachers internalize a set of questions that aid them in planning, teaching, and revising their practice. Each chapter includes features that consider answers to the following questions from a new vantage point grounded in chapter content:
    • What do I expect my students to know and be able to do at the end of this lesson? How does this contribute to course objectives and to students' needs to become capable individuals?
    • What do I know about the content, child development, learning, motivation, and effective teaching strategies that I can use to accomplish my objectives?
    • What instructional materials, technology, assistance, and other resources are available to help me accomplish my objectives?
    • How will I plan to assess students' progress toward my objectives?
    • How will I respond if individual children or the class as a whole are not on track toward success? What is my backup plan?
  • Chapter-opening vignettes present classroom applications of key concepts to make content come alive and bridge theory and practice.
  • More than 40 “Theory into Practice” sections provide proven strategies for implementing effective practices in the classroom, from cooperative learning to grading, from interpreting standardized tests to writing IEPs, from applying Vygotskian principles to implementing multicultural education.
  • Questions at the end of each chapter are adapted from PRAXIS standards and questions.
  • Substantially updated sections on current issues and emerging trends throughout the book address modern changes in education.
  • Diversity and inclusion in our schools is discussed with material on inclusion, IDEA 2004, programming for students with special needs, and sections on No Child Left Behind, Title I and English language learners in Chapters 4 and 12.
  • Thoroughly updated citations ensure that the text is grounded in the most current research. More than one third of all citations are from 2000 or later.
  • Student annotations provide glossary definitions and cross-references.

Caracteristici noi

  • Readers will encounter new material on important and emerging topics in the field, including: the accountability movement, benchmark assessments, data-driven reform, the effects of No Child Left Behind, the Achievement Gap; why it isn’t closing and how we can help, emerging applications of technology, and the latest research on the neuroscientific underpinnings of psychological development.
  • A MyEducationLab site specifically devoted to this edition of the text provides video and other types of interactive material  tied strongly to key course content that serve as the basis of homework exercises. All online resources are supported by online assessments (results can be printed or automatically transmitted to the professor) and called out in the margins of the text.
  • EdPsychOnline, accessible on MyEducationLab, provides students with the opportunity to create their own Blogs devoted to their learning in the course. It also provides links to valuable applications, resources, and articles found on the World Wide Web that serve as activity-based writing prompts so they can write blog posts and read and comment on the blog posts of their classmates.
  • Thoroughly updated citations ensure that the text is grounded in the most current research. More than one third of all citations are from 2000 or later.