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Electrical Processes in Organic Thin Film Devices – From Bulk Materials to Nanoscale Architectures de MC Petty

Electrical Processes in Organic Thin Film Devices – From Bulk Materials to Nanoscale Architectures

Autor MC Petty
en Limba Engleză Hardback – 16 feb 2022
A one-stop examination of fundamental electrical behaviour in organic electronic device architectures In Electrical Processes in Organic Thin Film Devices: From Bulk Materials to Nanoscale Architectures, distinguished researcher Michael C. Petty delivers an in-depth treatment of the electrical behaviour of organic electronic devices focused on first principles. The author describes the fundamental electrical behaviour of various device architectures and offers an introduction to the physical processes that play a role in the electrical conductivity of organic materials. Beginning with band theory, the text moves on to address the effects of thin film device architectures and nanostructures. The book discusses the applications to devices currently in the marketplace, like displays, as well as those under development (transistors, solar cells, and memories). Electrical Processes in Organic Thin Film Devices also describes emerging organic thin film architectures and explores the potential for single molecule electronics and biologically inspired devices. Finally, the book also includes: * A detailed introduction to electronic and vibrational states in organic solids, including classical band theory, disordered semiconductors, and lattice vibrations * Comprehensive explorations of electrical conductivity, including electronic and ionic processes, carrier drift, diffusion, the Boltzmann Transport Equation, excess carriers, recombination, doping, and superconductivity * An overview of important electro-active organic materials, like molecular crystals, charge-transfer complexes, conductive polymers, carbon nanotubes, and graphene * Practical considerations of defects and nanoscale phenomena, including transport processes in low-dimensional systems, surfaces and interface states * In-depth examinations of metal contacts, including ohmic contacts, the Schottky Barrier, and metal/molecule contacts * A systematic guide to the operating principles of metal/insulator/semiconductor structures and the field effect * A set of problems (with solutions on-line) for each chapter of the book Perfect for electronics developers and researchers in both industry and academia who study and work with molecular and nanoscale electronics, Electrical Processes in Organic Thin Film Devices also deserves a place in the libraries of undergraduate and postgraduate students in courses on molecular electronics, organic electronics, and plastic electronics.
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Specificații

ISBN-13: 9781119631279
ISBN-10: 1119631270
Pagini: 480
Dimensiuni: 183 x 259 x 30 mm
Greutate: 1.04 kg
Editura: Wiley
Locul publicării:Chichester, United Kingdom

Notă biografică

Michael C. Petty is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Engineering at the University of Durham in the United Kingdom. He is Past President of the International Society for Molecular Electronics and Biocomputing and a previous Chairman of the School of Engineering at Durham University. He has published extensively in the areas of organic electronics and molecular electronics.

Cuprins

Chapter 1 - Electronic and Vibrational States in Organic Solids 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Band Theory for Inorganic Single Crystals 1.2.1 Schrödinger Wave Equation 1.2.2 Density of Electron States 1.2.3 Occupation of Energy States 1.2.4 Conductors, Semiconductors and Insulators 1.2.5 Electrons and Holes 1.2.6 Doping 1.3 Lattice Vibrations 1.4 Amorphous Inorganic Semiconductors 1.5 Organic Semiconductors 1.5.1 Electronic Orbitals and Bands in Important Organic Compounds 1.5.2 Molecular Crystals 1.5.3 Polymers 1.5.4 Charge-transfer Complexes 1.5.5 Graphene 1.5.6 Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes 1.5.7 Doping of Organic Semiconductors Problems References Further Reading Chapter 2 - Electrical Conductivity: Fundamental Principles 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Classical Model 2.3 Boltzmann Transport Equation 2.4 Ohm's Law 2.5 Charge Carrier Mobility 2.6 Equilibrium Carrier Statistics 2.6.1 Intrinsic Conduction 2.6.2 Carrier Generation and Recombination 2.6.3 Extrinsic Conduction 2.6.4 Fermi Level Position 2.6.5 Meyer-Neldel Rule 2.7 Excess Carriers 2.7.1 Quasi-Fermi Level 2.7.2 Diffusion and Drift 2.7.3 Gradients in the Quasi-Fermi Levels 2.7.4 Carrier Lifetime 2.8 Superconductivity Problems References Further Reading Chapter 3 - Defects and Nanoscale Phenomena 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Material Purity 3.3 Point and Line Defects 3.4 Traps and Recombination Centres 3.4.1 Direct Recombination 3.4.2 Recombination via Traps 3.5 Grain Boundaries and Surfaces 3.5.1 Interface States 3.6 Polymer Defects 3.6.1 Solitons 3.6.2 Polarons and Bipolarons 3.7 Disordered Semiconductors 3.8 Electron Transport in Low Dimensional Systems 3.8.1 Two-dimensional Transport 3.8.2 One-dimensional Transport 3.8.3 Zero-dimensional Transport 3.9 Nanosystems 3.9.1 Scaling Laws 3.9.2 Interatomic Forces Problems References Further Reading Chapter 4 - Electrical Contacts: Ohmic and Rectifying Behaviour 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Practical Considerations 4.3 Neutral, Ohmic and Blocking Contacts 4.4 Schottky Barrier 4.4.1 Barrier Formation 4.4.2 Image Force 4.4.3 Current versus Voltage Behaviour 4.4.4 Effect of an Interfacial Layer 4.4.5 Organic Schottky Diodes 4.5 Molecular Devices 4.5.1 Metal/Molecule Contacts 4.5.2 Break Junctions 4.5.3 Molecular Rectifying Diodes 4.5.4 Molecular Resonant Tunnelling Devices Problems References Further Reading Chapter 5 - Metal/Insulator/Semiconductor Devices: The Field Effect 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Ideal MIS device 5.3 Departures from Ideality 5.3.1 Insulator Charge and Work Function Differences 5.3.2 Interface Traps 5.4 Organic MIS Devices 5.4.1 Inorganic Semiconductor/Organic Insulator Structures 5.4.2 Organic Semiconductor Structures Problems References Further Reading Chapter 6 - DC Conductivity 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Electronic versus Ionic Conductivity 6.3 Quantum Mechanical Tunnelling 6.4 Variable Range Hopping 6.5 Fluctuation-induced Tunnelling 6.6 Space Charge Injection 6.6.1 Effect of Traps 6.6.2 Two-carrier Injection 6.7 Schottky, Fowler-Nordheim and Poole-Frenkel Effects 6.8 Electrical Breakdown 6.8.1 Intrinsic Breakdown 6.8.2 Electromechanical Breakdown 6.8.3 Thermal Runaway 6.8.4 Contact Instability 6.8.5 Other Effects 6.9 Electromigration 6.10 Measurement of Trapping Parameters 6.10.1 Thermally Stimulated Conductivity 6.10.2 Capacitance Spectroscopy Problems References Further Reading Chapter 7 - Polarization and AC Conductivity 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Polarization 7.2.1 Dipole Creation 7.2.2 Permanent Polarization 7.2.3 Piezoelectricity, Pyroelectricity and Ferroelectricity 7.3 Conductivity at High Frequencies 7.3.1 Displacement Current 7.3.2 Frequency-dependent Permittivity 7.3.3 AC Conductivity 7.4 Impedance Spectroscopy 7.5 AC Electrical Measurements 7.5.1 Lock-in Amplifier 7.5.2 Scanning Microscopy 7.6 Electrical Noise Problems References Further Reading Chapter 8 - Organic Field Effect Transistors 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Physics of Operation 8.3 Transistor Fabrication 8.4 Practical Device Behaviour 8.4.1 Contact Resistance 8.4.2 Material Morphology and Traps 8.4.3 Short Channel Effects 8.4.4 Organic Semiconductors 8.4.5 Gate Dielectric 8.5 Organic Integrated Circuits 8.6 Nanotube and Graphene FETs 8.7 Single-electron Transistors 8.8 Transistor-based Chemical Sensors 8.8.1 Ion-sensitive FETs 8.8.2 Charge-flow Transistor Problems References Further Reading Chapter 9 - Electronic Memory 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Memory Types 9.3 Resistive Memory 9.4 Organic Flash Memory 9.5 Ferroelectric RAMs 9.6 Spintronics 9.7 Molecular Memories Problems References Further Reading Chapter 10 - Light-emitting Devices 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Light Emission Processes 10.3 Operating Principles 10.4 Colour Measurement 10.5 Photometric Units 10.6 OLED Efficiency 10.7 Device Architectures 10.7.1 Top- and Bottom-emitting OLEDs 10.7.2 Electrodes 10.7.3 Hole- and Electron-transport Layers 10.7.4 Triplet Management 10.7.5 Blended-layer and Molecularly-engineered Devices 10.8 Increasing the Light Output 10.8.1 Efficiency Losses 10.8.2 Microlenses and Shaped Substrates 10.8.3 Microcavities 10.8.4 Device Degradation 10.9 Full-colour Displays 10.10 Organic Semiconductor Lasers 10.11 OLED Lighting 10.12 Light-emitting Electrochemical Cells 10.13 Light-emitting Transistors Problems References Further Reading Chapter 11 - Photoconductive and Photovoltaic Devices 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Photoconductivity 11.2.1 Optical Absorption 11.2.2 Carrier Lifetime 11.2.3 Photosenstivity 11.3 Xerography 11.4 Photovoltaic Principles 11.4.1 Electrical Characteristics 11.4.2 Efficiency 11.5 Organic Solar Cells 11.5.1 Carrier Collection 11.5.2 Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells 11.5.3 Electrodes and Device Architectures 11.5.4 Tandem Cells 11.5.5 Upconversion 11.5.6 Device Degradation 11.6 Dye-sensitized Solar Cells 11.7 Hybrid Solar Cells 11.7.1 Polymer-Metal Oxide Devices 11.7.2 Inorganic Semiconductor-Polymer Hole-transporter Cells 11.7.3 Perovskite Solar Cells 11.8 Luminescent Solar Concentrator 11.9 Organic Photodiodes and Phototransistors Problems References Further Reading Chapter 12 - Emerging Devices and Systems 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Molecular Logic Circuits 12.3 Inspiration from the Natural World 12.3.1 Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins 12.3.2 Nucleotides, DNA and RNA 12.3.3 ATP, ADP 12.3.4 The Biological Membrane and Ion Transport 12.3.5 Electron Transport 12.3.6 Neurons 12.4 Computing Strategies 12.4.1 Von Neumann Computer 12.4.2 Biological Information Processing 12.4.3 Artificial Neural Networks 12.4.4 Organic Neuromorphic Devices 12.4.5 DNA and Microtubule Electronics 12.4.6 Quantum Computing 12.4.7 Evolvable Electronics 12.5 Fault Tolerance and Self Repair 12.6 Bacteriorhodopsin - A Light-driven Proton Pump 12.7 Photosynthesis and Artificial Molecular Architectures 12.8 Bio-chemical Sensors 12.8.1 Biocatalytic Sensors 12.8.2 Bioaffinity Sensors 12.9 Electronic Olfaction and Gustation Problems References Further Reading