Electron Microscopy of the Kidney: In Renal Disease and Hypertension: A Clinicopathological Approach

1 Microscopy for the Practicing Physician.- History of Microscopy.- Types of Microscopy.- Electron Microscopy.- Summary.- References.- 2 Renal Biopsy.- 1 Indications, Contraindications, Techniques, and Complications · Justification for Studies of Live Renal Tissues · Ethics and Indications for Serial Renal Biopsies.- Indications and Contraindications of Renal Biopsy.- Indications of Single Biopsies.- Contraindications.- Complications and Significance.- Pitfalls of Percutaneous (Closed) Biopsies.- Techniques of Percutaneous Biopsies.- Comparison between Open and Percutaneous (Closed) Renal Biopsies.- Clinical Justifications for the Complete Morphological Studies of Renal Biopsies.- Ethics and Indications for Serial Renal Biopsies.- 2 Methods of Fixation, Processing, and Study.- Silver Impregnation (PAMS or PAS) Technique.- Silver Tetraphenylporphyrin Sulfonate Staining Technique.- Values of Special EM Staining Techniques.- Summary.- References.- 3 Clinical Assessment of the Etiology and the Pathological Activity of Glomerulonephritis.- Assessment of the Etiological Factors Relative to Glomerulonephritis.- Patient History.- Clinical Laboratory Tests.- Summary.- References.- 4 Glomerulonephritis: Pathogenesis and Classification.- Definition.- Pathogenesis.- Mechanisms of Glomerular Injury.- Other Mechanisms of Glomerulonephritis.- Classification of Glomerulonephritis.- Prevalent Classification.- Merits and Pitfalls of All Classifications of Glomerulonephritis.- Perspectives of Glomerulonephritis.- Criticism of Current Histological Classification.- Chronic Glomerulonephritis.- Summary.- References.- 5 Electron Microscopy of Normal Kidney.- Glomerulus.- Tubules.- Arterial Vessels.- Interstitium.- Summary.- References.- 6 Anatomic Pathology of Glomerulonephritis.- Diffuse (Generalized) Proliferative Glomerulonephritis.- Diffuse Endocapillary Proliferative Glomerulonephritis.- Uncommon Types of Proliferative Glomerulonephritis.- Assessments of the Activities of the Pathological Process in Endocapillary Proliferative GN (Clinicopathological Correlation).- Membranous Glomerulonephritis.- Penicillamine-Induced Glomerulonephritis.- Mesangioproliferative Glomerulonephritis.- Focal Glomerular Sclerosis.- Viral Infections and Glomerulonephritis.- Summary.- References.- 7 Anatomic Pathology of the Kidney in Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinicopathological Abridgement.- Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome.- Idiopathic Membranous Glomerulonephritis.- Nephrotic Syndrome and Renal Lesions Produced by Drugs and Hypersensitivity Reactions.- Renal Vein Thrombosis versus Membranous Glomerulonephritis.- Nephrotic Syndrome Associated with Sickle Cell Anemia.- Nephrotic Syndrome in Acquired Syphilis.- Nephrotic Syndrome in Congenital Syphilis.- Nephrotic Syndrome Caused by Malarial Glomerulonephritis.- Nephrotic Syndrome Associated with Neoplastic Diseases.- Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome.- Renal Amyloidosis and Nephrotic Syndrome.- Renal Involvement in Diabetes Mellitus.- Rare Causes of Nephrotic Syndrome.- Summary.- References.- 8 Pathology of the Kidney in Profiling Acute Renal Failure (Acute Uremia).- Definition.- Steps for the Complete Medical Care of Acute Uremia.- Acute Glomerular Diseases.- Mechanism of Oliguria in Acute Glomerulonephritis.- Acute Renal Tubular Lesions.- Experimental Models of Acute Renal Failure.- Evolution of Histological Repair in Acute Tubular Necrosis.- Acute Interstitial Nephritis.- Acute Renal Failure Associated with Lesions of the Small Vessels of the Kidneys.- Other Causes of Acute Renal Failure.- Acute Renal Failure Caused by Bilateral Renal Vein Thrombosis.- Renal Papillary Necrosis.- How Renal Biopsy Study Modifies the Course and Management in Acute Renal Failure.- Summary.- References.- 9 Pathology of the Kidney in Essential (Spontaneous) Hypertension.- 1 Cause and Effect Relationship between Renal Lesions and Hypertensions.- Hypertensive Renal Lesions.- Experimental Study.- Rationale of Studies of Hypertensive Animals.- Relationship between Renal Lesions and Hypertension.- Mechanisms of Renal Lesions: Hypotheses.- Relationship between Pathology and Functional Failure of the Kidney.- Summary.- 2 A Perspective of the Antihypertensive Function of Renal Medullary and Papillary Interstitial Cell and Granule.- Background.- Anatomy of the Interstitial Cells and Granules.- Physiological Function of Interstitial Cells and Granules.- Relationship of Renal Medullary and Papillary Interstitial Cells to Hypertension.- Mechanism(s) of the Reduction of Interstitial Cells and Granules in the Kidneys of Hypertensive Rats.- Significance of the Studies of Renal Papillary Interstitial Cells in Rats.- Critical Questions Relative to Renal Medullary Vasodepressor Substance and Its Source.- Summary.- References.- 10 Chronic Pyelonephritis.- Etiology.- Perspectives of Chronic Pyelonephritis from the Standpoint of Clinical Practice.- Unresolved Questions.- Summary.- References.- 11 Syndrome of Microscopic Hematuria, Asymptomatic Proteinuria, and “Focal Glomerulonephritis”.- Perspectives of Proteinuria and Hematuria.- Mesangiopathic Glomerulonephritis.- Other Types of Renal Pathology, Clinical Profiles, and Course of the Hematuria and Asymptomatic Proteinuria Syndrome in Our Series.- Nondiagnostic Ultrastructural Studies.- Early Stage of Hereditary Nephritis.- Summary.- References.- 12 Accomplishments of Electron Microscopy Study in the Practice of Nephrology.- 1 Studies of Glomeruli and Tubules in Glomerular and Tubulointerstitial Diseases.- Detailed Analysis of Accomplishments.- Analysis of Value.- Examples of Disparate Diagnosis.- Value of EM Study.- Summary.- 2 Studies of Arterial Vessels in Essential Hypertension and Glomerular Diseases.- Essential Hypertension.- Ultrastructural Analysis of Renal Arteriolopathies in Glomerular and Tubulointerstitial Diseases.- Summary.- References.- 13 Principles of Management Pertaining to Renal Pathology.- The Nephrotic Syndromes.- Glomerulonephritis.- Summary.- References.