End-stage renal disease refers to a condition in which the kidneys lose their function. It can be of two types- acute kidney failure and chronic kidney failure. Exhaustion, vomiting, confusion, leg swelling and loss of appetite are some of the symptoms of the disease. Complications such as high blood potassium, uremia or volume overload may occur in case of acute kidney failure. Chronic kidney failure may result in anemia, heart disease or high blood pressure. Blockage of the urinary tract, muscle breakdown, low blood pressure and hemolytic uremic syndrome are some causes of the acute condition. High blood pressure, diabetes, polycystic kidney disease and nephrotic syndrome are some of the causes of chronic kidney failure. The diagnosis of end-stage renal disease is established on the basis of an evaluation of glomerular filtration rate, urine production and serum creatinine level in blood. Treatment may include peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis or a kidney transplant. If acute disease is indicated, the treatment tries to address the underlying cause of the disease. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around the diagnosis and treatment of end-stage renal disease. The topics included herein on this disease are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. This book includes contributions of experts and scientists which will provide innovative insights into nephrology.