No ruler rules alone, but only in association with others. However, according to modern ideas pre-modern realms still seem to be characterized by the formally unlimited power of their rulers with respect to decision-making processes. Therefore, the volume explores 'consensual' elements of pre-modern political decision-making processes and offers examples of different manifestations from early imperial China to late medieval France. Who is involved in decision-making, and who makes the actual decision? Finally, the chapters explore ideal concepts of political decision-making processes which served as guidelines to rulers and their elites and to which the sources refer when presenting the actors and their actions.