European private law exists not only as legislation in the form of directives and regulations of the European Union. The judicature and academia make contributions as well. Recently, academia (primarily) presented the Draft Common Frame of Reference, in which the Principles of European Contract Law (Lando Principles) are updated. In the judicature, the European Court of Justice recently caused a sensation in applying the General Rules of Law to private law relationships. These developments are discussed in the contributed articles in this volume.