Anesthesiology is a medical branch which is concerned with the total perioperative care of patients required before, during and after the surgery. There are various sub-fields of anesthesiology including critical emergency medicine, intensive care medicine and pain medicine. It primarily makes use of anesthesia and anesthetics to support key functions of a patient's body during the perioperative period. Anesthesiology is a broader field that requires knowledge of various areas such as pharmacology, mechanical ventilation and other areas of medicine such as cardiology, pulmonology and obstetrics to evaluate the risk of anesthesia. It also includes the anatomical knowledge of the nervous system for nerve blocks. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches to anesthesiology. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included in this book. It is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.