English summary: When in November 1933 the American anthropologist Leslie Spears responded to a letter by Martin Heydrich, editor of the German academic journal "Ethnologischer Anzeiger," he stated quite clearly: "With many colleagues in the United States, I share the feeling that we cannot cooperate with German enterprises at the present time. We feel that so long as the present rulers of Germany hold their antisocial course, and so long as anthropology there is made to serve malicious political ends, we can only hold ourselves aloof. When the day arrives that Germans are willing to admit freedom of thought and action, as every nation calling itself civilized must, then I shall be happy to join you in your enterprise."By November 1933 Julius E. Lips, social democrat, director of the Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum of Anthropology and professor at the University of Cologne, had already been stripped of his positions by the rulers of the Third Reich. The following year, Lips emigrated to the USA. To finance his passage to New York he signed a contract for a book which was published in Britain and the United States in 1937. "The Savage Hits Back" became an international sucess as an instrument of anti-Nazi propaganda not least pushed by the sucess of "Savage Symphony," a personal description of the takeover of power in Cologne by the Nazi-regime, which was published by Julius Lips' wife Eva in 1938. Working for the anti-Hitler coalition in their American exile, Julius and Eva Lips became U.S. citizens in 1942. Six years later, the couple returned to Leipzig in the Soviet-occupied zone of post-war Germany (then not yet divided into two states), where Julius Lips - by the intervention of Heinrich Mann - became head of the university's department of anthropology. Elected president of the university in 1949, Julius Lips suddenly died in 1950.Meanwhile, the former curator of the "Volkerkunde und Tierkunde" Museums in Dresden, Martin Heydrich, functionary member of the NSDAP in Nazi uniform, had laid the groundwork for a career which lifted him into the director's chair of the department of anthropology of the University of Cologne founded in 1940 and handed him the directorship of the Cologne Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum of Anthropology. In 1949, after four years of denazification, he was able to continue his career unabated, even his involvment in judgements on racial matters on behalf of the Nazi Party's Office of Racial Policy was swept aside by the cold war. Soon Heydrich had become one of the figureheads of German anthropology once again. Research into the involvement of German anthropology in the Third Reich and the active part it played with regard to the racist ideology of the Nazis was not started before 1990, when Heydrich's generation had passed away. The volume at hand sets out to contribute to this research and to answer open questions concerning Julius Lips' life and so far unattended academic work. New facts appeared among a part of yet unpublished documents by and on Martin Heydrich held in the Historical Archives of the City of Cologne. These documents, inaccessible before, revealed hithero unknown internal connections and networks as well as national and international forms of organisation within the field casting new light on the role played by German anthropologists before, during and after the Nazi period. As it turned out, this attempt at presenting you with a rudimentary lay-out for a yet unwritten history of the German Ethnological Society (Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Volkerkunde) clearly defines the context in which the extremely contrary positions of Julius Lips and Martin Heydrich vis-a-vis the Nazi's racial ideology will have to be seen. German description: Ausgangspunkt fur die vorliegende Untersuchung waren unbeantwortete Fragen zum Leben und Werk des wissenschaftlichen Autors der kunstethnologischen antifaschistischen und antirassistischen Propagandapublikation "The Savage Hits Back," dessen Name Julius E. Lips auch fur die seinerzeit heiss umstrittene wirtschafts- und rechtsethnologisch begrundete Erntevolkertheorie steht. Bis 1933 sozialdemokratischer Direktor des Kolner Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museums und Professor der Kolner Universitat, emigriert Lips 1934 in die USA und engagiert sich gemeinsam mit seiner Ehefrau Eva aktiv fur den Widerstand gegen das nationalsozialistische Deutschland. Durch die Vermittlung von Heinrich Mann folgt Lips 1948 einer Berufung an die Universitat Leipzig in die sowjetisch besetzte Zone, wo er 1949 zum Rektor gewahlt wird und Anfang 1950 verstirbt. Als Vorzeigewissenschaftler der DDR bis zur Wende spaltet Julius Lips das eigene Fach bis heute wie kein anderer.Seine Wissenschaftsbiographie, die sich im Kontext des aufdammernden, sich manifestierenden und bis in die Nachkriegszeit nachwirkenden Nationalsozialismus vollzieht, lasst von den 1920er bis in die 1960er Jahre Schlusselvertreter und -institutionen eines Faches lebendig werden, das nach 1945 die Erarbeitung der eigenen NS-Vergangenheit uber Jahrzehnte verdrangt und Lips' Leben und Wirken spater zumindest teilweise tendenzios herabwurdigend akzentuiert. Wahrenddessen wandelt sich das Fach, das fruher "Volkerkunde" hiess, zu einer deutschsprachigen Variante einer transnational ausgerichteten, global eingebundenen Ethnologie (oder Kultur- und Sozialanthropologie), die nationalen und regionalen Befindlichkeiten weniger Relevanz beimisst und eine kritisch distanzierte Fachgeschichtsschreibung ermoglicht, die nuchtern an Fakten orientiert bleibt.Die Herausgeberin des vorliegenden Bandes und Autorin seines ersten Teils, Ingrid Kreide-Damani, verbindet die Wissenschaftsbiographie des engagierten Antifaschisten Julius Lips mit einer entsprechenden Untersuchung uber den uberzeugten Nationalsozialisten Martin Heydrich, der zu Beginn des Zweiten Weltkriegs zum ersten Ordinarius fur Volkerkunde der Universitat Koln avanciert. Diese Gegenuberstellung resultiert aus der Erarbeitung eines zuvor unzugang