This book explores how the art historical and technical examination of 15th to 18th century European paintings can reveal much information on the meaning, materials and manufacturing techniques, and also on techniques of copying and replicating. Inspired by the European project Bosch & Bruegel: Four Paintings Magnified this book contains papers which explore how historical and technical examination of 15th to 18th century European paintings conducted in tandem can not only address key subjects such as meaning, materials and manufacturing techniques, but also allow fresh perspectives on the prevailing workshop practices of copying, replicating and emulating paintings.