Every year there are some 20 million low birth weight babies, born prematurely or with prenatal growth defects, especially in less developed countries. They contribute significantly to the high rate of neonatal mortality, the frequency and geographical distribution of which corresponds to that of poverty. Low birthweight and preterm births thus contribute to high rates of neonatal and infant mortality and morbidity. Low birth weight represents 24 cases out of 222 cases hospitalised in neonatology, i.e. 21.6% in the Walikale General Reference Hospital. Our study is prospective over a period of 6 months from 1 November 2016 to 1 May 2017 in the neonatology department of the Walikale General Referral Hospital. Our sample is composed of 48 low birth weight neonates who were hospitalized in neonatology during our study period. At the end of our study we found that outside cities where incubators are available, low birth weight infants and more precisely premature infants can be raised properly.