This book is interested in the way in which the extractive industries apprehend the subject of sustainable development, and on the other hand on the perception that traditional societies have of it in order to identify the fate of local knowledge in relation to external domination. It examines what happens to traditional knowledge in the face of a foreign way of life perceived as domination. Indeed, non-mining villagers have a vision of sustainable development that is totally different from that of "Our Common Future", i.e. the Brundtland Report, the global reference. Some of them, however, who work in the mine, present a hybridization of the notion, mainly combining elements of the Brundtland report with reminiscences of their society of origin. These differences constitute sources of conflict that we believe a critical competency-based education for sustainable development could address.