Forest Decline in the Atlantic and Pacific Region de Reinhard F. Huettl

Forest Decline in the Atlantic and Pacific Region

Reinhard F. Huettl

Dieter Mueller-Dombois

Forest damage, forest decline, forest dieback - not related to biotic agents - is occurring in the Atlantic and Pacific regions. In Europe and Eastern North America this serious problem is considered to be, at least to some part, related to industrial air pollutants and their atmospheric conversion products, such as acid rain or ozone. Forest declines in the Pacific region have been attributed largely to natural causes involving forest dynamics, since air pollution and other negative anthropogenic influences are practically absent. Presented here are typical decline phenomena in the Pacific and Atlantic region, potential causes, effects and mitigation strategies, and the question whether there are any similarities on a functional or structural basis is addressed.

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Cuprins

I. Forest Decline in the Atlantic Region.- Forest Decline in Switzerland: A Review.- Role of Climate, Stand Dynamics and Past Management in Forest Declines: A Review of Ten Years of Field Ecology in France.- Some Factors Affecting the Crown Density of Trees in Great Britain Based on Recent Annual Surveys of Forest Condition.- The Effects of Acidic Deposition and Ozone on Forest Tree Species in the Eastern United States: Results from the Forest Response Program.- Atmospheric Deposition, Forest Nutrient Status, and Forest Decline: Implications of the Integrated Forest Study.- Changes in the Role of Nitrogen in Central European Forests.- Mg Deficiency—A “New” Phenomenon in Declining Forests—Symptoms and Effects, Causes, Recuperation.- K Deficiency of Spruce on Acid Soils Results in Needle Yellowing Quite Similar to “Acute Yellowing”, A Syndrome of the New Type of Forest Decline.- Calcium and Magnesium Deficiency in Young Pines and the Stand Structure on the Affected Habitats.- Temporal Changes in Norway Spruce Foliar Nutrients and Response to Fertilization.- Response of Sugar Maple to Seven Types of Fertilization in Southern Quebec: Growth and Nutrient Status.- Microscopic Criteria for the Diagnosis of Abiotic Injuries to Conifer Needles.- Vitality of Mycorrhizas and Health Status of Trees in Diverse Forest Stands in West Germany.- Growth in “Declining” Forests of Baden-Württemberg (Southwestern Germany).- Development of the Recent Episode of Tannensterben (Fir Decline) in Eastern Bavaria and the Bavarian Alps.- II. Forest Decline in the Pacific Region.- Forest Decline in the Hawaiian Islands: A Brief Summary.- Distribution and Dynamics of Metrosideros Dieback on the Island of Hawai’i: Implications for Management Programs.- Using a Life History-CarbonBalance Model for Forest Decline Research.- Modelling Factors Which May Cause Stand-Level Dieback in Forest.- Episodic Mortality, Forest Decline and Diversity in a Dynamic Landscape: Tongariro National Park, New Zealand.- Nothofagus Decline in New Zealand: Separating Causes from Symptoms.- The Cabbage Trees (Cordyline australis) Are Dying: Investigations of Sudden Decline in New Zealand.- The Role of Nutrition in Forest Decline—A Case Study of Pinusradiata in New Zealand.- Rural Dieback in Australia and Subsequent Landscape Amelioration.- Group Death of Araucaria hunsteinii K. Schumm (Klinkii Pine) in a New Guinea Rainforest.- On the Decline of Fir (Abies densa Griff.) in Bhutan.- Biotic Impoverishment and Climate Change: Global Causes of Forest Decline?.- Summary and Concluding Remarks.