Gathered together for the first time in one comprehensive, easy-to-read volume are biographies of the dominant military, political, and intellectual figures essential to the founding of today's nations. From the emergence of Spain, Portugal, and France to the recent changes in Russia and the Middle East, this fascinating work provides readers the opportunity to gain a greater understanding of the men and women who fought to form their countries. As the Middle Ages came to an end, citizens who shared economic and cultural interests began to unite under central governments. National identity evolved as nation-states struggled to maintain their independence, often under the direction of one or two key leaders. Through personal biographies, maps, illustrations, and a chronology, readers are able to place each founder and his or her respective nation in historical perspective. An extensive bibliography suggests avenues for further exploration.