Freedom by the Sword: The U.S. Colored Troops, 1862–1867 (Paperback): The U.S. Colored Troops, 1862–1867
Autor William A. Dobak Editat de Center of Military History (U.S. Army)en Limba Engleză Paperback – 12 iul 2011 – vârsta de la 18 până la 95 ani
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The Civil War changed the United States in many ways—economic, political, and social. Of these changes, none was more important than Emancipation. Besides freeing nearly 4 million slaves, it brought agricultural wage labor to a reluctant South and gave a vote to black adult males in the former slave states. It also offered former slaves of both sexes new opportunities in education and property ownership.
Just as striking were the effects of the war on the United States Army. From late 1862 to the spring of 1865, the federal government accepted more than 180,000 black men as soldiers, something it had never done before on such a scale. Known collectively as the United States Colored Troops and organized in segregated regiments led by white officers, some of these soldiers guarded army posts along major rivers; others fought Confederate raiders to protect Union supply trains; and still others took part in major operations like the siege of Petersburg and the battle of Nashville. After the war, many of the black regiments garrisoned the former Confederacy to enforce federal Reconstruction policy. Freedom by the Sword tells the story of these soldiers' recruitment, organization, and service. Because of the book's broad focus on every theater of the war and its concentration on what black soldiers actually contributed to Union victory, this volume stands alone among histories of the U.S. Colored Troops.
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Specificații
ISBN-13: 9780160866951
ISBN-10: 0160866952
Pagini: 572
Ilustrații: Illustrated with 79 black and white illustrations and 10 color maps
Dimensiuni: 248 x 171 x 25 mm
Greutate: 1.16 kg
Editura: United States Dept. of Defense
Colecția Department of the Army
ISBN-10: 0160866952
Pagini: 572
Ilustrații: Illustrated with 79 black and white illustrations and 10 color maps
Dimensiuni: 248 x 171 x 25 mm
Greutate: 1.16 kg
Editura: United States Dept. of Defense
Colecția Department of the Army
Recenzii
Xpress Reviews: Nonfiction|First Look at New Books, December 23, 2011 -- Library Journal
December 22, 2011 by Bette-Lee Fox
Week ending December 23, 2011
Dobak,William A. Freedom by the Sword: The U.S. Colored Troops, 1862-1867. Ctr. of Military History. (Army Historical Series). 2011. c.553p. illus. maps, bibliog. index. ISBN 97801608866968. $69.95. HIST -- (ISBN pertains to Hardcover format)
"The title of this book comes from the Latin inscription on a medal struck for black Union soldiers: Ferro iis libertas perveniet ("Freedom will be theirs by the sword"). Dobak (retired, U.S. Army Ctr. of Military History; Fort Riley and Its Neighbors) argues that rather than being passive recipients of freedom attained for them by Northern white soldiers, African Americans fought for their own freedom and did so effectively. In spite of severe prejudice in the North and frequently poor leadership from their own all-white officers, the U.S. Colored Troops served with distinction. Dobak examines his subject by geographic area and time period rather than in strict narrative form. This approach makes it harder for readers to see the "big picture" of black accomplishments in the war but effectively shows how --contrary to common opinion -- black soldiers did not merely garrison forts and serve as laborers for white fighting troops. As indicated by his title, Dobak covers the first months of Reconstruction as well as the war itself."
December 22, 2011 by Bette-Lee Fox
Week ending December 23, 2011
Dobak,William A. Freedom by the Sword: The U.S. Colored Troops, 1862-1867. Ctr. of Military History. (Army Historical Series). 2011. c.553p. illus. maps, bibliog. index. ISBN 97801608866968. $69.95. HIST -- (ISBN pertains to Hardcover format)
"The title of this book comes from the Latin inscription on a medal struck for black Union soldiers: Ferro iis libertas perveniet ("Freedom will be theirs by the sword"). Dobak (retired, U.S. Army Ctr. of Military History; Fort Riley and Its Neighbors) argues that rather than being passive recipients of freedom attained for them by Northern white soldiers, African Americans fought for their own freedom and did so effectively. In spite of severe prejudice in the North and frequently poor leadership from their own all-white officers, the U.S. Colored Troops served with distinction. Dobak examines his subject by geographic area and time period rather than in strict narrative form. This approach makes it harder for readers to see the "big picture" of black accomplishments in the war but effectively shows how --contrary to common opinion -- black soldiers did not merely garrison forts and serve as laborers for white fighting troops. As indicated by his title, Dobak covers the first months of Reconstruction as well as the war itself."
Notă biografică
William A. Dobak retired from the U.S. Army Center of Military History in 2010. He received his Ph.D. in American studies from the University of Kansas in 1995 and is the author of Fort Riley and Its Neighbors: Military Money and Economic Development, 1853-1894 (Norman, Okla., 1998), and (with Thomas D. Phillips) The Black Regulars, 1866-1898 (Norman, Okla., 2001).
Cuprins
Contents
Page
FOREWORD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xi
THE AUTHOR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xii
PREFACE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii
Chapter
1. Mustering In—Federal Policy on Emancipation and Recruitment. . . . . . .1
2. The South Atlantic Coast, 1861–1863. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3. The South Atlantic Coast, 1863–1865. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
4. Southern Louisiana and the Gulf Coast, 1862–1863. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
5. Southern Louisiana and the Gulf Coast, 1863–1865. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
6. The Mississippi River and Its Tributaries, 1861–1863. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
7. Along the Mississippi River, 1863–1865. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189
8. Arkansas, Indian Territory, and Kansas, 1863–1865. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229
9. Middle Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia, 1863–1865. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259
10. North Carolina and Virginia, 1861–1864. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299
11. Virginia, May–October 1864. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335
12. Kentucky, North Carolina, and Virginia, 1864–1865. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .381
13. South Texas, 1864–1867. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .425
14. Reconstruction, 1865–1867. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .455
15. Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .497
Bibliographical Note. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .507
Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .533
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .537
Tables
No.
1. Black Regiments Organized by General Thomas, May–December 1863. . . . . .179
2. XXV Corps Order of Battle, 3 December 1864. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .402
3. XXV Corps in the Appomattox Campaign, 27 March–9 April 1865. . . . . . .414
4. General Weitzel’s Ranking of Regiments in XXV Corps, November 1865. . . .445
5. Muster-Out Dates of Black Regiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .474
Maps
1. South Atlantic Coast, 1861–1865. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2. The Gulf Coast, 1861–1865. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
3. Mississippi River and Its Tributaries, 1861–1863. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
viii
No. Page
4. Along the Mississippi River, 1861–1865. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
5. West of the Mississippi River, 1863–1865. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
6. Tennessee and Alabama, 1861–1865. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
7. North Carolina and Virginia, 1861–1864. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
8. Virginia, 1864–1865. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
9. South Texas, 1864–1867. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
10. Reconstruction, 1865–1867. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
Illustrations
Inscription on medal struck for black soldiers in the Army of the James, 1864 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Frontispiece
Union depot at City Point, Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Slaves building a Confederate battery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Pvt. Hubbard Pryor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Market scene at Beaufort, South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Members of Company A, 1st South Carolina, take the oath at Beaufort. . . . . 33
Cypress swamp on Port Royal Island, South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Brig. Gen. Rufus Saxton’s headquarters at Beaufort. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Col. James Montgomery’s raid up the Combahee River. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Bird’s eye view of Charleston Harbor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Capt. John W. M. Appleton as a private in the Massachusetts militia and as
an officer of the 54th Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Sgt. Maj. Lewis Douglass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Men of the 54th Massachusetts and the 1st New York Engineers in a
trench on James Island, Charleston Harbor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Men of the 54th Massachusetts at Fort Wagner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
An encounter between Confederates and the 1st South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . 62
Col. James C. Beecher. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Officers and men of the 29th Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
James M. Trotter as a second lieutenant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Typical country road throughout the South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Ruins of Charleston after the Confederate evacuation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Col. Nathan W. Daniels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Port Hudson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
The Louisiana Native Guards’ assault on Port Hudson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Fort Jackson, Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Soldiers from one of the Corps d’Afrique engineer regiments . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
The Red River Expedition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
The Red River Dam and Alexandria, Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Morganza, Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Col. Hiram Scofield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
A patrol tries to thwart a suspected escape to Union lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Union troops occupied Lake Providence, Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170ix
Page
Vicksburg, Mississippi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Col. Embury D. Osband. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Brig. Gen. John P. Hawkins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Federal shipping where the Yazoo River empties into the Mississippi. . . . . . . 200
Col. Edward Bouton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Maj. Jeremiah B. Cook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Helena, Arkansas, submerged by a flood in 1864. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Union outpost at Fort Smith, Arkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Col. Samuel J. Crawford. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Nashville was a rail center essential to Union advances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Railroad bridge over Elk River. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Black recruits in Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Part of the country in east-central Tennessee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
A typical federal blockhouse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Dalton, Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Union troops aboard a train in northern Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Part of the Nashville battlefield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Sgt. Henry J. Maxwell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
New Berne headquarters of the Superintendent of the Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Brig. Gen. Edward A. Wild. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
The 20th U.S. Colored Infantry receives its regimental colors. . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Philadelphia recruits in early 1864. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
General Wild led five black regiments through northeastern North Carolina. . . . .321
Charles City Court House. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Libby Prison. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
The District of Columbia was still largely rural during the Civil War. . . . . . . 339
Belle Plain, Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Grisly relics of earlier fighting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Slaves escaping to freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Maj. Gen. Benjamin F. Butler’s progress up the James River. . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Many escaped slaves preferred to work as laborers rather than enlist
as soldiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Panoramic view of the ground across which the XVIII Corps attacked. . . . . . 350
Chaplain Henry M. Turner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Col. Delavan Bates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
The explosion of the Petersburg mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Confusion prevailed during the battle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
The crater, not long after Union troops entered Petersburg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Camp of a black regiment from Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Union troops attack the Confederate line north of the James River. . . . . . . . . 374
Terrain across which Union troops attacked on 29 September 1864. . . . . . . . 375
Christian A. Fleetwood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
An 1859 map shows the central position of Kentucky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
White and black troops dig the Dutch Gap Canal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391x
Page
Swampy woods near Petersburg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Map of Fort Fisher and environs from the Official Atlas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Union transports in a heavy sea, en route to attack Wilmington,
North Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Fort Fisher, North Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Recruiting agents from Northern states tried to enlist black Southerners. . . . 412
Richmond, Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
View of Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Brownsville, Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Maj. Edelmiro Mayer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Mexican port of Matamoros. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
The pontoon bridge at Brownsville. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Men of the 107th U.S. Colored Infantry in front of the guardhouse at
Fort Corcoran. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
The 113th U.S. Colored Infantry mustered out in April 1866. . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
The destruction of the shantytown near Fort Pickering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
Illustrations courtesy of the following sources: cover, 2, 4, 35, 38, 71, 73, 81, 84, 260, 276, 280, 293, 325, 327, 342 (top and bottom), 347, 350, 368, 374, 375, 379, 404, 417, 421, 467, Library of Congress; 27, 33, 62, 107, 118, 125, 163, 170, 200, 239 (top), 271, 288, 303, 311, 344, 412, 427, 449, Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper; 12 (bottom), 46, 48, 321, 353, 360, 362, 486, 492, Harper’s Weekly; 50, 56, 60, 77, 105, 126 (top and bottom), 130, 173, 193, 195, 211, 221, 245, 264, 306, 340, 356, 397, 406, 452, 459, U.S. Army Military History Institute; 53, Howard University, Washington, D.C.; 12 (top), 101, 146, 239 (bottom), 296, 339, 365, 391, 439, National Archives; 114, Western Reserve Historical Society Library and Archives, Cleveland, Ohio; 233, Special Collections, University of Arkansas Libraries, Fayetteville; 273, Chicago Public Library; 313, Philadelphia recruits (http://people.virginia.edu/~jh3v/retouching history/figure1.html); 382, J. H. Colton, Colton’s Illustrated Cabinet Atlas and Descriptive Geography; 400, Atlas to Accompany the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (vol. 1).xi
Page
FOREWORD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xi
THE AUTHOR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xii
PREFACE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii
Chapter
1. Mustering In—Federal Policy on Emancipation and Recruitment. . . . . . .1
2. The South Atlantic Coast, 1861–1863. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3. The South Atlantic Coast, 1863–1865. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
4. Southern Louisiana and the Gulf Coast, 1862–1863. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
5. Southern Louisiana and the Gulf Coast, 1863–1865. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
6. The Mississippi River and Its Tributaries, 1861–1863. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
7. Along the Mississippi River, 1863–1865. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189
8. Arkansas, Indian Territory, and Kansas, 1863–1865. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229
9. Middle Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia, 1863–1865. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259
10. North Carolina and Virginia, 1861–1864. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299
11. Virginia, May–October 1864. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335
12. Kentucky, North Carolina, and Virginia, 1864–1865. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .381
13. South Texas, 1864–1867. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .425
14. Reconstruction, 1865–1867. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .455
15. Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .497
Bibliographical Note. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .507
Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .533
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .537
Tables
No.
1. Black Regiments Organized by General Thomas, May–December 1863. . . . . .179
2. XXV Corps Order of Battle, 3 December 1864. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .402
3. XXV Corps in the Appomattox Campaign, 27 March–9 April 1865. . . . . . .414
4. General Weitzel’s Ranking of Regiments in XXV Corps, November 1865. . . .445
5. Muster-Out Dates of Black Regiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .474
Maps
1. South Atlantic Coast, 1861–1865. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2. The Gulf Coast, 1861–1865. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
3. Mississippi River and Its Tributaries, 1861–1863. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
viii
No. Page
4. Along the Mississippi River, 1861–1865. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
5. West of the Mississippi River, 1863–1865. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
6. Tennessee and Alabama, 1861–1865. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
7. North Carolina and Virginia, 1861–1864. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
8. Virginia, 1864–1865. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
9. South Texas, 1864–1867. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
10. Reconstruction, 1865–1867. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
Illustrations
Inscription on medal struck for black soldiers in the Army of the James, 1864 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Frontispiece
Union depot at City Point, Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Slaves building a Confederate battery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Pvt. Hubbard Pryor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Market scene at Beaufort, South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Members of Company A, 1st South Carolina, take the oath at Beaufort. . . . . 33
Cypress swamp on Port Royal Island, South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Brig. Gen. Rufus Saxton’s headquarters at Beaufort. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Col. James Montgomery’s raid up the Combahee River. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Bird’s eye view of Charleston Harbor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Capt. John W. M. Appleton as a private in the Massachusetts militia and as
an officer of the 54th Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Sgt. Maj. Lewis Douglass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Men of the 54th Massachusetts and the 1st New York Engineers in a
trench on James Island, Charleston Harbor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Men of the 54th Massachusetts at Fort Wagner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
An encounter between Confederates and the 1st South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . 62
Col. James C. Beecher. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Officers and men of the 29th Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
James M. Trotter as a second lieutenant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Typical country road throughout the South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Ruins of Charleston after the Confederate evacuation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Col. Nathan W. Daniels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Port Hudson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
The Louisiana Native Guards’ assault on Port Hudson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Fort Jackson, Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Soldiers from one of the Corps d’Afrique engineer regiments . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
The Red River Expedition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
The Red River Dam and Alexandria, Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Morganza, Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Col. Hiram Scofield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
A patrol tries to thwart a suspected escape to Union lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Union troops occupied Lake Providence, Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170ix
Page
Vicksburg, Mississippi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Col. Embury D. Osband. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Brig. Gen. John P. Hawkins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Federal shipping where the Yazoo River empties into the Mississippi. . . . . . . 200
Col. Edward Bouton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Maj. Jeremiah B. Cook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Helena, Arkansas, submerged by a flood in 1864. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Union outpost at Fort Smith, Arkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Col. Samuel J. Crawford. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Nashville was a rail center essential to Union advances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Railroad bridge over Elk River. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Black recruits in Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Part of the country in east-central Tennessee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
A typical federal blockhouse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Dalton, Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Union troops aboard a train in northern Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Part of the Nashville battlefield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Sgt. Henry J. Maxwell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
New Berne headquarters of the Superintendent of the Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Brig. Gen. Edward A. Wild. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
The 20th U.S. Colored Infantry receives its regimental colors. . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Philadelphia recruits in early 1864. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
General Wild led five black regiments through northeastern North Carolina. . . . .321
Charles City Court House. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Libby Prison. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
The District of Columbia was still largely rural during the Civil War. . . . . . . 339
Belle Plain, Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Grisly relics of earlier fighting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Slaves escaping to freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Maj. Gen. Benjamin F. Butler’s progress up the James River. . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Many escaped slaves preferred to work as laborers rather than enlist
as soldiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Panoramic view of the ground across which the XVIII Corps attacked. . . . . . 350
Chaplain Henry M. Turner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Col. Delavan Bates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
The explosion of the Petersburg mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Confusion prevailed during the battle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
The crater, not long after Union troops entered Petersburg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Camp of a black regiment from Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Union troops attack the Confederate line north of the James River. . . . . . . . . 374
Terrain across which Union troops attacked on 29 September 1864. . . . . . . . 375
Christian A. Fleetwood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
An 1859 map shows the central position of Kentucky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
White and black troops dig the Dutch Gap Canal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391x
Page
Swampy woods near Petersburg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Map of Fort Fisher and environs from the Official Atlas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Union transports in a heavy sea, en route to attack Wilmington,
North Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Fort Fisher, North Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Recruiting agents from Northern states tried to enlist black Southerners. . . . 412
Richmond, Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
View of Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Brownsville, Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Maj. Edelmiro Mayer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Mexican port of Matamoros. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
The pontoon bridge at Brownsville. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Men of the 107th U.S. Colored Infantry in front of the guardhouse at
Fort Corcoran. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
The 113th U.S. Colored Infantry mustered out in April 1866. . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
The destruction of the shantytown near Fort Pickering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
Illustrations courtesy of the following sources: cover, 2, 4, 35, 38, 71, 73, 81, 84, 260, 276, 280, 293, 325, 327, 342 (top and bottom), 347, 350, 368, 374, 375, 379, 404, 417, 421, 467, Library of Congress; 27, 33, 62, 107, 118, 125, 163, 170, 200, 239 (top), 271, 288, 303, 311, 344, 412, 427, 449, Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper; 12 (bottom), 46, 48, 321, 353, 360, 362, 486, 492, Harper’s Weekly; 50, 56, 60, 77, 105, 126 (top and bottom), 130, 173, 193, 195, 211, 221, 245, 264, 306, 340, 356, 397, 406, 452, 459, U.S. Army Military History Institute; 53, Howard University, Washington, D.C.; 12 (top), 101, 146, 239 (bottom), 296, 339, 365, 391, 439, National Archives; 114, Western Reserve Historical Society Library and Archives, Cleveland, Ohio; 233, Special Collections, University of Arkansas Libraries, Fayetteville; 273, Chicago Public Library; 313, Philadelphia recruits (http://people.virginia.edu/~jh3v/retouching history/figure1.html); 382, J. H. Colton, Colton’s Illustrated Cabinet Atlas and Descriptive Geography; 400, Atlas to Accompany the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (vol. 1).xi