This book offers a novel approach to understanding the dynamics of gang criminality in the Northern Triangle. It maintains that the crimes of gang violence and the crimes of human trafficking intertwine and intersect to perpetuate an environment of trauma, exploitation, and hopelessness that leaves thousands trapped without viable options-as refugees, conscripted into gang work, forced into criminality, incarcerated, extra-judicially executed, tortured, "disappeared," or their lives forfeit for gang reputation.