This study of India's political economy provides a thorough examination of one critique of globalization, that it causes economic segmentation, and possibly disintegration, of the national economy as some sectors benefit and others are left behind. Economic segmentation is the breaking up of national markets, resulting in distinct winners and losers. Nayar's examination challenges this critique by demonstrating that, on balance, the active role of the Indian state in the areas of economic planning, fiscal federalism, and tax reform has resulted in improved economic integration, not increased segmentation. Similarly, his investigation of trade, investment, entrepreneurship, and migration, all reveal tendencies inherent in the market in favor of economic integration, especially when assisted by the state. Nayar's findings lead to the conclusion that while globalization both offers benefits (greater economic growth) and involves costs (external shocks), India's experience since its opening in 1991 suggests that India has benefited from, more than been victimized, by globalization.