Hazards to Drinking Water Supplies

1 History of Water Supply Systems.- History of Water Quality.- Composition of Raw Water.- History of the Water Supply Companies.- The Scottish Situation.- 2 Types of Pollution.- Water Found Naturally is Never Pure.- Definitions of Pollution.- Pollution Philosophy.- Natural Pollution.- 3 Causes and Consequences of Toxic Incidents.- Causes.- Consequences.- 4 Perception and Acceptance of Risk.- Hazard Identification.- Risk Estimation.- Societal Risk Assessment.- Acceptable Risks.- Dimensions of Risk and Benefits.- Risk Avoidance and Reduction.- 5 Hazard Identification and Risk Quantification of Drinking Water.- Potential Abstraction Risk Index.- Risk Quantification.- 6 Case Studies.- Case Study 1: Minimata.- Case Study 2: Showa.- Case Study 3: Goshonoura.- Case Study 4: Iraq.- Case Study 5: Jintsu River.- Case Study 6: Leipzig.- Case Study 7: Tokyo.- Case Study 8: Richmond, Virginia.- Case Study 9: Niagra.- Case Study 10: Elgin.- Case Study 11: Woodkirk.- Case Study 12: Schweizerhalle.- Case Study 13: Camelford.- Case Study 14: Chirk.- 7 Pollution Monitoring, Detection, Identification and Assessment Systems.- Pollution Monitoring and Detection.- Assessment of Pollution Monitoring and Detection Systems.- Reliability of Water Treatment Systems in the Removal of Pollutants from Raw Water.- Methods of Pollution Reporting.- 8 Treatment Methods for Drinking Water.- Basic Water Treatment Methods.- Removal of Pollutants from Rivers.- Prevention at Source.- Application of the PARI Rating System in the Assessment of Potentially Hazardous Sites.- The River Dee System of Water Protection.- 9 Surface Water Pollution in Europe.- Water Pollution in European States.- Sewage Treatment within EC Member States.- Summary.- 10 The Role of Legislation.- Control of Pollution Act (1974) Part 11.-Water Act 1983.- Water Act 1989.- The Requirements of Legislation.- The Legislative Role.- 11 General Conclusions and Recommendations.- General Conclusions.- Recommendations.- Appendix Drinking Water Standards.- References.