This report describes global health in 2015, looking back 15 years at the trends and positive forces during the MDG era and assessing the main challenges for the coming 15 years. The following chapter describes the context, including population and epidemiological changes, and the economic, social and environmental determinants of health. The subsequent six chapters present the trends and challenges for the main health areas that are prominent in the health goal of the SDGs: UHC; reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health; infectious diseases; noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), mental health and substance abuse; and injuries and violence. Some chapters cover multiple health targets and, where relevant, refer to SDG targets that are in other goals. The final chapter reflects on the implications of the SDG for health.