Almost perfect adherence to antiretrovirals (ARVs) is required for HIV patients to achieve maximum therapy benefits, including prevention of perinatal transmission of HIV. Although research indicates that ARV treatment during pregnancy can significantly reduce perinatal transmission of HIV, there is limited research on factors associated with adherence to medication protocols among HIV-infected pregnant women. This book provides an historical overview of women and the HIV/AIDS epidemic including: summarizing significant epidemiological data, describing demographic characteristics, reviewing reproductive issues and describing relevant factors associated with adherence to ARV medications. It features a theoretical based adherence model, and identifies pharmacy-based measures used to assess adherence rates and adherence gaps. Health care professionals will find this book an invaluable resource in assisting them in developing health promotion interventions for HIV-infected pregnant women aiming to eliminate and/or reduce mother to child transmission of HIV.