This volume includes nine chapters that describe recent advancements in neuroscience research. Chapter One studies the correlation between genes and violence. Chapter Two focuses on the effect of specific Central Nervous System (CNS) drugs and substances on neurotransmission of sleep, particularly at the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) stage. Chapter Three explores the potential of social cognition as a therapeutic target in schizophrenia. Chapter Four describes therapy methods for language neurorehabilitation in a few patients with brain injuries. Chapter Five provides current knowledge about in vitro toxicology studies in neuroblastoma cells for the treatment of neuroblastoma. Chapter Six reviews evidence supporting the bidirectional relationship between kynurenine pathway alterations, induction of activated microglia, and subsequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in Huntington's Disease patients and models. Chapter Seven presents the course of early neurorehabilitation treatment with emphasis on optimizing balance assessment in clinical practice, identifying impairments, informing treatment planning, and maximizing the effectiveness of exercise interventions to improve balance and reduce falls in patients after cerebellopontine angle tumor resection. Chapter Eight provides an update on the molecular mechanism of cognitive impairment due to REM sleep deprivation in the hippocampus. Finally, Chapter Nine presents the most frequently used evaluation tools and procedures of early neurorehabilitation in the acute hospital.