This analysis situates the cotton sector, Burkina Faso's main agricultural production, over the period 1990-2006. Although it has been affected by the ups and downs of national and international economic policies during this period, its increasingly improved organization has placed it on the "roof of the Burkinabe national economy". Thus, the work has made it possible to contain the cotton sector in its structuring and its evolution before investigating its impact on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Situated over this period, the reader is then invited to discover a scientific diagnosis of the cotton sector and, consequently, through the econometric method, the results achieved in terms of economic growth.