How did the implementation of the EU Enforcement Directive on intellectual property (IP) rights - which was adopted just before the expansion of the EU in May 2004 - affect new EU Member States? This dissertation focuses on three Baltic countries (Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia), examining the collected information on the most relevant historic, social, economic, and legal factors of each. The study leads to certain observations on what impact the listed factors made on the implementation of the Directive in that region, how they changed the "IP enforcement mechanisms," case practice which existed before the adoption of the Directive, and what IP rights holders can expect when litigating in the Baltics. The book provides a bigger picture on what the aims and objectives of the Directive were and how they were actually reflected in the current IP enforcement practice of the so-called countries in transit, where effective enforcement of IP rights is essential. Dissertation.