Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) – Intelligent Analytics for Predictive Maintenance

R. Anandan, PhD completed his degree in Computer Science and Engineering, is an IBMS/390 Mainframe professional, is recognized as a Chartered Engineer from the Institution of Engineers in India, and received a fellowship from Bose Science Society, India. He is a professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. He has published more than 110 research papers in various international journals, authored 9 books in the computer science and engineering disciplines, and has received 13 awards. G. Suseendran, PhD received his degree in Information Technology-Mathematics from Presidency College, University of Madras, Tamil Nadu, India. He passed away during the production of this book. Souvik Pal, PhD is an associate professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at Sister Nivedita University (Techno India Group), Kolkata, India. Dr. Pal received his PhD in the field of computer science and engineering. He is the editor/author of 12 books and has been granted 3 patents. He is the recipient of a Lifetime Achievement Award in 2018. Noor Zaman, PhD completed his degree in IT from University Technology Petronas (UTP) Malaysia. He has authored many research papers in WoS/ISI indexed and impact factor research journals and edited 12 books in computer science.

Preface xvii 1 A Look at IIoT: The Perspective of IoT Technology Applied in the Industrial Field 1 Ana Carolina Borges Monteiro, Reinaldo Padilha França, Rangel Arthur, Yuzo Iano, Andrea Coimbra Segatti, Giulliano Paes Carnielli, Julio Cesar Pereira, Henri Alves de Godoy and Elder Carlos Fernandes 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Relationship Between Artificial Intelligence and IoT 5 1.2.1 AI Concept 6 1.2.2 IoT Concept 10 1.3 IoT Ecosystem 15 1.3.1 Industry 4.0 Concept 18 1.3.2 Industrial Internet of Things 19 1.4 Discussion 21 1.5 Trends 23 1.6 Conclusions 24 References 26 2 Analysis on Security in IoT Devices--An Overview 31 T. Nalini and T. Murali Krishna 2.1 Introduction 32 2.2 Security Properties 33 2.3 Security Challenges of IoT 34 2.3.1 Classification of Security Levels 35 2.3.1.1 At Information Level 36 2.3.1.2 At Access Level 36 2.3.1.3 At Functional Level 36 2.3.2 Classification of IoT Layered Architecture 37 2.3.2.1 Edge Layer 37 2.3.2.2 Access Layer 37 2.3.2.3 Application Layer 37 2.4 IoT Security Threats 38 2.4.1 Physical Device Threats 39 2.4.1.1 Device-Threats 39 2.4.1.2 Resource Led Constraints 39 2.4.2 Network-Oriented Communication Assaults 39 2.4.2.1 Structure 40 2.4.2.2 Protocol 40 2.4.3 Data-Based Threats 41 2.4.3.1 Confidentiality 41 2.4.3.2 Availability 41 2.4.3.3 Integrity 42 2.5 Assaults in IoT Devices 43 2.5.1 Devices of IoT 43 2.5.2 Gateways and Networking Devices 44 2.5.3 Cloud Servers and Control Devices 45 2.6 Security Analysis of IoT Platforms 46 2.6.1 ARTIK 46 2.6.2 GiGA IoT Makers 47 2.6.3 AWS IoT 47 2.6.4 Azure IoT 47 2.6.5 Google Cloud IoT (GC IoT) 48 2.7 Future Research Approaches 49 2.7.1 Blockchain Technology 51 2.7.2 5G Technology 52 2.7.3 Fog Computing (FC) and Edge Computing (EC) 52 References 54 3 Smart Automation, Smart Energy, and Grid Management Challenges 59 J. Gayathri Monicka and C. Amuthadevi 3.1 Introduction 60 3.2 Internet of Things and Smart Grids 62 3.2.1 Smart Grid in IoT 63 3.2.2 IoT Application 64 3.2.3 Trials and Imminent Investigation Guidelines 66 3.3 Conceptual Model of Smart Grid 67 3.4 Building Computerization 71 3.4.1 Smart Lighting 73 3.4.2 Smart Parking 73 3.4.3 Smart Buildings 74 3.4.4 Smart Grid 75 3.4.5 Integration IoT in SG 77 3.5 Challenges and Solutions 81 3.6 Conclusions 83 References 83 4 Industrial Automation (IIoT) 4.0: An Insight Into Safety Management 89 C. Amuthadevi and J. Gayathri Monicka 4.1 Introduction 89 4.1.1 Fundamental Terms in IIoT 91 4.1.1.1 Cloud Computing 92 4.1.1.2 Big Data Analytics 92 4.1.1.3 Fog/Edge Computing 92 4.1.1.4 Internet of Things 93 4.1.1.5 Cyber-Physical-System 94 4.1.1.6 Artificial Intelligence 95 4.1.1.7 Machine Learning 95 4.1.1.8 Machine-to-Machine Communication 99 4.1.2 Intelligent Analytics 99 4.1.3 Predictive Maintenance 100 4.1.4 Disaster Predication and Safety Management 101 4.1.4.1 Natural Disasters 101 4.1.4.2 Disaster Lifecycle 102 4.1.4.3 Disaster Predication 103 4.1.4.4 Safety Management 104 4.1.5 Optimization 105 4.2 Existing Technology and Its Review 106 4.2.1 Survey on Predictive Analysis in Natural Disasters 106 4.2.2 Survey on Safety Management and Recovery 108 4.2.3 Survey on Optimizing Solutions in Natural Disasters 109 4.3 Research Limitation 110 4.3.1 Forward-Looking Strategic Vision (FVS) 110 4.3.2 Availability of Data 111 4.3.3 Load Balancing 111 4.3.4 Energy Saving and Optimization 111 4.3.5 Cost Benefit Analysis 112 4.3.6 Misguidance of Analysis 112 4.4 Finding 113 4.4.1 Data Driven Reasoning 113 4.4.2 Cognitive Ability 113 4.4.3 Edge Intelligence 113 4.4.4 Effect of ML Algorithms and Optimization 114 4.4.5 Security 114 4.5 Conclusion and Future Research 114 4.5.1 Conclusion 114 4.5.2 Future Research 114 References 115 5 An Industrial Perspective on Restructured Power Systems Using Soft Computing Techniques 119 Kuntal Bhattacharjee, Akhilesh Arvind Nimje, Shanker D. Godwal and Sudeep Tanwar 5.1 Introduction 120 5.2 Fuzzy Logic 121 5.2.1 Fuzzy Sets 121 5.2.2 Fuzzy Logic Basics 122 5.2.3 Fuzzy Logic and Power System 122 5.2.4 Fuzzy Logic--Automatic Generation Control 123 5.2.5 Fuzzy Microgrid Wind 123 5.3 Genetic Algorithm 123 5.3.1 Important Aspects of Genetic Algorithm 124 5.3.2 Standard Genetic Algorithm 126 5.3.3 Genetic Algorithm and Its Application 127 5.3.4 Power System and Genetic Algorithm 127 5.3.5 Economic Dispatch Using Genetic Algorithm 128 5.4 Artificial Neural Network 128 5.4.1 The Biological Neuron 129 5.4.2 A Formal Definition of Neural Network 130 5.4.3 Neural Network Models 131 5.4.4 Rosenblatt's Perceptron 131 5.4.5 Feedforward and Recurrent Networks 132 5.4.6 Back Propagation Algorithm 133 5.4.7 Forward Propagation 133 5.4.8 Algorithm 134 5.4.9 Recurrent Network 135 5.4.10 Examples of Neural Networks 136 5.4.10.1 AND Operation 136 5.4.10.2 OR Operation 137 5.4.10.3 XOR Operation 137 5.4.11 Key Components of an Artificial Neuron Network 138 5.4.12 Neural Network Training 141 5.4.13 Training Types 142 5.4.13.1 Supervised Training 142 5.4.13.2 Unsupervised Training 142 5.4.14 Learning Rates 142 5.4.15 Learning Laws 143 5.4.16 Restructured Power System 144 5.4.17 Advantages of Precise Forecasting of the Price 145 5.5 Conclusion 145 References 146 6 Recent Advances in Wearable Antennas: A Survey 149 Harvinder Kaur and Paras Chawla 6.1 Introduction 150 6.2 Types of Antennas 153 6.2.1 Description of Wearable Antennas 153 6.2.1.1 Microstrip Patch Antenna 153 6.2.1.2 Substrate Integrated Waveguide Antenna 153 6.2.1.3 Planar Inverted-F Antenna 153 6.2.1.4 Monopole Antenna 153 6.2.1.5 Metasurface Loaded Antenna 154 6.3 Design of Wearable Antennas 154 6.3.1 Effect of Substrate and Ground Geometries on Antenna Design 154 6.3.1.1 Conducting Coating on Substrate 154 6.3.1.2 Ground Plane With Spiral Metamaterial Meandered Structure 157 6.3.1.3 Partial Ground Plane 158 6.3.2 Logo Antennas 159 6.3.3 Embroidered Antenna 159 6.3.4 Wearable Antenna Based on Electromagnetic Band Gap 160 6.3.5 Wearable Reconfigurable Antenna 161 6.4 Textile Antennas 162 6.5 Comparison of Wearable Antenna Designs 168 6.6 Fractal Antennas 168 6.6.1 Minkowski Fractal Geometries Using Wearable Electro-Textile Antennas 171 6.6.2 Antenna Design With Defected Semi-Elliptical Ground Plane 172 6.6.3 Double-Fractal Layer Wearable Antenna 172 6.6.4 Development of Embroidered Sierpinski Carpet Antenna 172 6.7 Future Challenges of Wearable Antenna Designs 174 6.8 Conclusion 174 References 175 7 An Overview of IoT and Its Application With Machine Learning in Data Center 181 Manikandan Ramanathan and Kumar Narayanan 7.1 Introduction 181 7.1.1 6LoWPAN 183 7.1.2 Data Protocols 185 7.1.2.1 CoAP 185 7.1.2.2 MQTT 187 7.1.2.3 Rest APIs 187 7.1.3 IoT Components 189 7.1.3.1 Hardware 190 7.1.3.2 Middleware 190 7.1.3.3 Visualization 191 7.2 Data Center and Internet of Things 191 7.2.1 Modern Data Centers 191 7.2.2 Data Storage 191 7.2.3 Computing Process 192 7.2.3.1 Fog Computing 192 7.2.3.2 Edge Computing 194 7.2.3.3 Cloud Computing 194 7.2.3.4 Distributed Computing 195 7.2.3.5 Comparison of Cloud Computing and Fog Computing 196 7.3 Machine Learning Models and IoT 196 7.3.1 Classifications of Machine Learning Supported in IoT 197 7.3.1.1 Supervised Learning 197 7.3.1.2 Unsupervised Learning 198 7.3.1.3 Reinforcement Learning 198 7.3.1.4 Ensemble Learning 199 7.3.1.5 Neural Network 199 7.4 Challenges in Data Center and IoT 199 7.4.1 Major Challenges 199 7.5 Conclusion 201 References 201 8 Impact of IoT to Meet Challenges in Drone Delivery System 203 J. Ranjani, P. Kalaichelvi, V.K.G Kalaiselvi, D. Deepika Sree and K. Swathi 8.1 Introduction 204 8.1.1 IoT Components 204 8.1.2 Main Division to Apply IoT in Aviation 205 8.1.3 Required Field of IoT in Aviation 206 8.1.3.1 Airports as Smart Cities or Airports as Platforms 207 8.1.3.2 Architecture of Multidrone 208 8.1.3.3 The Multidrone Design has the Accompanying Prerequisites 208 8.2 Literature Survey 209 8.3 Smart Airport Architecture 211 8.4 Barriers to IoT Implementation 215 8.4.1 How is the Internet of Things Converting the Aviation Enterprise? 216 8.5 Current Technologies in Aviation Industry 216 8.5.1 Methodology or Research Design 217 8.6 IoT Adoption Challenges 218 8.6.1 Deployment of IoT Applications on Broad Scale Includes the Underlying Challenges 218 8.7 Transforming Airline Industry With Internet of Things 219 8.7.1 How the IoT Is Improving the Aviation Industry 219 8.7.1.1 IoT: Game Changer for Aviation Industry 220 8.7.2 Applications of AI in the Aviation Industry 220 8.7.2.1 Ticketing Systems 220 8.7.2.2 Flight Maintenance 221 8.7.2.3 Fuel Efficiency 221 8.7.2.4 Crew Management 221 8.7.2.5 Flight Health Checks and Maintenance 221 8.7.2.6 In-Flight Experience Management 222 8.7.2.7 Luggage Tracking 222 8.7.2.8 Airport Management 222 8.7.2.9 Just the Beginning 222 8.8 Revolution of Change (Paradigm Shift) 222 8.9 The Following Diagram Shows the Design of the Application 223 8.10 Discussion, Limitations, Future Research, and Conclusion 224 8.10.1 Growth of Aviation IoT Industry 224 8.10.2 IoT Applications--Benefits 225 8.10.3 Operational Efficiency 225 8.10.4 Strategic Differentiation 225 8.10.5 New Revenue 226 8.11 Present and Future Scopes 226 8.11.1 Improving Passenger Experience 226 8.11.2 Safety 227 8.11.3 Management of Goods and Luggage 227 8.11.4 Saving 227 8.12 Conclusion 227 References 227 9 IoT-Based Water Management System for a Healthy Life 229 N. Meenakshi, V. Pandimurugan and S. Rajasoundaran 9.1 Introduction 230 9.1.1 Human Activities as a Source of Pollutants 230 9.2 Water Management Using IoT 231 9.2.1 Water Quality Management Based on IoT Framework 232 9.3 IoT Characteristics and Measurement Parameters 233 9.4 Platforms and Configurations 235 9.5 Water Quality Measuring Sensors and Data Analysis 239 9.6 Wastewater and Storm Water Monitoring Using IoT 241 9.6.1 System Initialization 241 9.6.2 Capture and Storage of Information 241 9.6.3 Information Modeling 241 9.6.4 Visualization and Management of the Information 243 9.7 Sensing and Sampling of Water Treatment Using IoT 244 References 246 10 Fuel Cost Optimization Using IoT in Air Travel 249 P. Kalaichelvi, V. Akila, J. Ranjani, S. Sowmiya and C. Divya 10.1 Introduction 250 10.1.1 Introduction to IoT 250 10.1.2 Processing IoT Data 250 10.1.3 Advantages of IoT 251 10.1.4 Disadvantages of IoT 251 10.1.5 IoT Standards 251 10.1.6 Lite Operating System (Lite OS) 251 10.1.7 Low Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) 252 10.2 Emerging Frameworks in IoT 252 10.2.1 Amazon Web Service (AWS) 252 10.2.2 Azure 252 10.2.3 Brillo/Weave Statement 252 10.2.4 Calvin 252 10.3 Applications of IoT 253 10.3.1 Healthcare in IoT 253 10.3.2 Smart Construction and Smart Vehicles 254 10.3.3 IoT in Agriculture 254 10.3.4 IoT in Baggage Tracking 254 10.3.5 Luggage Logbook 254 10.3.6 Electrical Airline Logbook 254 10.4 IoT for Smart Airports 255 10.4.1 IoT in Smart Operation in Airline Industries 257 10.4.2 Fuel Emissions on Fly 258 10.4.3 Important Things in Findings 258 10.5 Related Work 258 10.6 Existing System and Analysis 264 10.6.1 Technology Used in the System 265 10.7 Proposed System 268 10.8 Components in Fuel Reduction 276 10.9 Conclusion 276 10.10 Future Enhancements 277 References 277 11 Object Detection in IoT-Based Smart Refrigerators Using CNN 281 Ashwathan R., Asnath Victy Phamila Y., Geetha S. and Kalaivani K. 11.1 Introduction 282 11.2 Literature Survey 283 11.3 Materials and Methods 287 11.3.1 Image Processing 292 11.3.2 Product Sensing 292 11.3.3 Quality Detection 293 11.3.4 Android Application 293 11.4 Results and Discussion 294 11.5 Conclusion 299 References 299 12 Effective Methodologies in Pharmacovigilance for Identifying Adverse Drug Reactions Using IoT 301 Latha Parthiban, Maithili Devi Reddy and A. Kumaravel 12.1 Introduction 302 12.2 Literature Review 302 12.3 Data Mining Tasks 304 12.3.1 Classification 305 12.3.2 Regression 306 12.3.3 Clustering 306 12.3.4 Summarization 306 12.3.5 Dependency Modeling 306 12.3.6 Association Rule Discovery 307 12.3.7 Outlier Detection 307 12.3.8 Prediction 307 12.4 Feature Selection Techniques in Data Mining 308 12.4.1 GAs for Feature Selection 308 12.4.2 GP for Feature Selection 309 12.4.3 PSO for Feature Selection 310 12.4.4 ACO for Feature Selection 311 12.5 Classification With Neural Predictive Classifier 312 12.5.1 Neural Predictive Classifier 313 12.5.2 MapReduce Function on Neural Class 317 12.6 Conclusions 319 References 319 13 Impact of COVID-19 on IIoT 321 K. Priyadarsini, S. Karthik, K. Malathi and M.V.V Rama Rao 13.1 Introduction 321 13.1.1 The Use of IoT During COVID-19 321 13.1.2 Consumer IoT 322 13.1.3 Commercial IoT 322 13.1.4 Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) 322 13.1.5 Infrastructure IoT 322 13.1.6 Role of IoT in COVID-19 Response 323 13.1.7 Telehealth Consultations 323 13.1.8 Digital Diagnostics 323 13.1.9 Remote Monitoring 323 13.1.10 Robot Assistance 323 13.2 The Benefits of Industrial IoT 326 13.2.1 How IIoT is Being Used 327 13.2.2 Remote Monitoring 327 13.2.3 Predictive Maintenance 328 13.3 The Challenges of Wide-Spread IIoT Implementation 329 13.3.1 Health and Safety Monitoring Will Accelerate Automation and Remote Monitoring 330 13.3.2 Integrating Sensor and Camera Data Improves Safety and Efficiency 330 13.3.3 IIoT-Supported Safety for Customers Reduces Liability for Businesses 331 13.3.4 Predictive Maintenance Will Deliver for Organizations That Do the Work 332 13.3.5 Building on the Lessons of 2020 332 13.4 Effects of COVID-19 on Industrial Manufacturing 332 13.4.1 New Challenges for Industrial Manufacturing 333 13.4.2 Smarter Manufacturing for Actionable Insights 333 13.4.3 A Promising Future for IIoT Adoption 334 13.5 Winners and Losers--The Impact on IoT/Connected Applications and Digital Transformation due to COVID-19 Impact 335 13.6 The Impact of COVID-19 on IoT Applications 337 13.6.1 Decreased Interest in Consumer IoT Devices 338 13.6.2 Remote Asset Access Becomes Important 338 13.6.3 Digital Twins Help With Scenario Planning 339 13.6.4 New Uses for Drones 339 13.6.5 Specific IoT Health Applications Surge 340 13.6.6 Track and Trace Solutions Get Used More Extensively 340 13.6.7 Smart City Data Platforms Become Key 340 13.7 The Impact of COVID-19 on Technology in General 341 13.7.1 Ongoing Projects Are Paused 341 13.7.2 Some Enterprise Technologies Take Off 341 13.7.3 Declining Demand for New Projects/Devices/ Services 342 13.7.4 Many Digitalization Initiatives Get Accelerated or Intensified 342 13.7.5 The Digital Divide Widens 343 13.8 The Impact of COVID-19 on Specific IoT Technologies 343 13.8.1 IoT Networks Largely Unaffected 343 13.8.2 Technology Roadmaps Get Delayed 344 13.9 Coronavirus With IoT, Can Coronavirus Be Restrained? 344 13.10 The Potential of IoT in Coronavirus Like Disease Control 345 13.11 Conclusion 346 References 346 14 A Comprehensive Composite of Smart Ambulance Booking and Tracking Systems Using IoT for Digital Services 349 Sumanta Chatterjee, Pabitra Kumar Bhunia, Poulami Mondal, Aishwarya Sadhu and Anusua Biswas 14.1 Introduction 350 14.2 Literature Review 353 14.3 Design of Smart Ambulance Booking System Through App 356 14.4 Smart Ambulance Booking 359 14.4.1 Welcome Page 360 14.4.2 Sign Up 360 14.4.3 Home Page 361 14.4.4 Ambulance Section 361 14.4.5 Ambulance Selection Page 362 14.4.6 Confirmation of Booking and Tracking 363 14.5 Result and Discussion 363 14.5.1 How It Works? 365 14.6 Conclusion 365 14.7 Future Scope 366 References 366 15 An Efficient Elderly Disease Prediction and Privacy Preservation Using Internet of Things 369 Resmi G. Nair and N. Kumar 15.1 Introduction 370 15.2 Literature Survey 371 15.3 Problem Statement 372 15.4 Proposed Methodology 373 15.4.1 Design a Smart Wearable Device 373 15.4.2 Normalization 374 15.4.3 Feature Extraction 377 15.4.4 Classification 378 15.4.5 Polynomial HMAC Algorithm 379 15.5 Result and Discussion 382 15.5.1 Accuracy 382 15.5.2 Positive Predictive Value 382 15.5.3 Sensitivity 383 15.5.4 Specificity 383 15.5.5 False Out 383 15.5.6 False Discovery Rate 383 15.5.7 Miss Rate 383 15.5.8 F-Score 383 15.6 Conclusion 390 References 390 Index 393