This report focuses on the institutional foundations that enable-or, at times, hinder-federated approaches to defense. Successful defense collaboration in a budget-constrained environment is predicated on the ability and willingness of the United States to provide assistance and/or equipment to allies and partners. Accordingly, the report describes the context for refining US institutional foundations, as well as findings in key issue areas, such as priorities/strategic guidance, foreign military sales, export controls, technology security and foreign disclosure, and acquisitions and requirements processes. The report also includes actionable recommendations on how the United States and its partners could integrate their defense capabilities in support of shared interests.